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The scaffold. <ref name="hapgood"></ref>
 
The scaffold. <ref name="hapgood"></ref>
  
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===''Keksekça?'' and ''Kekçaa?'' (direct-from-speech transliteration)===  
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==="Keksekça?" and ''Kekçaa?'' (direct-from-speech transliteration)===  
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"Doukipudonkton, se demanda Gabriel excédé" opens Raymond Queneau's dazzling 1959 novel ''Zazie dans le métro''.<ref>Queneau, Raymond. ''Zazie dans le métro''. Folio, Editions Gallimard, 1959. p. 11.</ref>  Barbara Wright translates Queneau's direct-from-speech transliteration of Gabriel's question as "Howcanyastinksotho."<ref>Queneau, Raymond. ''Zazie''. Trans. Barbara Wright. Bantam Books: Toronto, 1968. p. 1</ref>  This direct-from-speech transliteration, made famous more recently by Irvine Welsh with ''Train Spotting'', shows up a century before ''Zazie dans le métro'' in ''Les Misérables''.   
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"Doukipudonkton, se demanda Gabriel excédé" opens Raymond Queneau's dazzling 1959 novel ''Zazie dans le métro''.<ref>Queneau, Raymond. ''Zazie dans le métro''. Folio, Editions Flammarion, 1973.</ref>  Barbara Wright translates Queneau's direct-from-speech transliteration of Gabriel's question as (I'm recalling from memory, so maybe not exactly) "Howcantheystinksotho."<ref>Queneau, Raymond. ''Zazie''. Trans. Barbara Wright. More bibliographic details soon as I get to my bookshelf</ref>  This direct-from-speech transliteration, made famous more recently by Irvine Welsh with ''Train Spotting'', shows up a century before ''Zazie dans le métro'' in ''Les Misérables''.   
  
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Having read almost none of ''Les Misérables'' in French I am uncertain if the direct-from-speech transliterations appear only in the second half, but the two interrogatives of Gavroche the street kid, only pages apart (in Vol. 4, Bk. 6, Ch. 2), are  
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Having read almost none of ''Les Misérables'' in French I am uncertain if the direct-from-speech transliterations actually appear only in the second half, but the two interrogatives of Gavroche the street kid, only pages apart (in Vol. 4, Bk. 6, Ch. 2), are  
  
 
''Keksekça?''  
 
''Keksekça?''  

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