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| | question of country, he enlists; is it a question of liberty, he tears up | | question of country, he enlists; is it a question of liberty, he tears up |
| | the pavements. Beware! his hair filled with wrath, is epic; his blouse | | the pavements. Beware! his hair filled with wrath, is epic; his blouse |
| − | drapes itself like the folds of a chlamys. Take care! From the first rue Greneta's arrival, he will make some Caudine Forks. When the hour | + | drapes itself like the folds of a chlamys. Take care! he will make of the |
| | + | first Rue Grenetat which comes to hand Caudine Forks. When the hour |
| | strikes, this man of the faubourgs will grow in stature; this little man | | strikes, this man of the faubourgs will grow in stature; this little man |
| | will arise, and his gaze will be terrible, and his breath will become a | | will arise, and his gaze will be terrible, and his breath will become a |
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| | ==Translation notes== | | ==Translation notes== |
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| − | ==Textual notes== | + | ==Textual notes== |
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| − | ===de Corinthe le colosse de bronze d'un chat / in Corinth the colossal bronze figure of a cat===
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| − | Hugo seems to have made this claim without any historic evidence, equally so for the claim that cats represented liberty for ancient republics.<ref>Rogers, Katharine M., ''The Cat and the Human Imagination: Feline Images from Bast to Garfield'', pp. 5-6. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. https://books.google.com/books?id=D1wZuTutJbwC&dq=The+Cat+and+the+Human+Imagination&source=gbs_navlinks_s </ref> Perhaps Hugo was familiar with the Greek goddess, Artemis', identification with the Egyptian goddess Bubastis, that took the form of a cat and was worshipped.<ref> Smith, William. "Bubastis", in ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology.'' London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. In the article on Soranus, we find: "at this present time (1848)" and this date seems to reflect the dates of works cited. 1873 - probably the printing date. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dbubastis-bio-1 </ref> There are records of Artemis cults and statues of Artemis in Corinth, but no suggestion an Artemis statue was in the form of a cat.<ref> Atsma, Aaron J., ''Artemis Cult 1''. Theoi Project, 2017. http://www.theoi.com/Cult/ArtemisCult.html </ref> I found no written documents thus far stating that a bronze statue of a cat was located in Corinth.
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| | ===la restauration / the Restoration=== | | ===la restauration / the Restoration=== |
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| | The Restoration, or the Bourbon Restoration, is the socio-governmental context of ''Les Misérables''. The ruling family, or house, of Bourbon began with Louis I, the first Duke of Bourbon, in 1327.<ref name="RSBrit"> Royde-Smith, John Graham. "House of Bourbon," ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Publication date not stated. Retrieved 3 August 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/house-of-Bourbon </ref> The Bourbon lineage ruled France for over 200 years, until it was terminated during the Revolution, in 1792.<ref> Editors. "Bourbon Restoration," in ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Published 6 March 2009. https://www.britannica.com/event/Bourbon-Restoration </ref><ref name="RSBrit" /> Bourbons also ruled Spain through various and lengthy durations.<ref name="RSBrit" /> | | The Restoration, or the Bourbon Restoration, is the socio-governmental context of ''Les Misérables''. The ruling family, or house, of Bourbon began with Louis I, the first Duke of Bourbon, in 1327.<ref name="RSBrit"> Royde-Smith, John Graham. "House of Bourbon," ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Publication date not stated. Retrieved 3 August 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/house-of-Bourbon </ref> The Bourbon lineage ruled France for over 200 years, until it was terminated during the Revolution, in 1792.<ref> Editors. "Bourbon Restoration," in ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Published 6 March 2009. https://www.britannica.com/event/Bourbon-Restoration </ref><ref name="RSBrit" /> Bourbons also ruled Spain through various and lengthy durations.<ref name="RSBrit" /> |
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| − | After Napoleon the First and France's First Empire were defeated in 1814 by European forces in The War of the Sixth Coalition, the influential French politician and diplomat, Talleyrand, convinced the European victors that a king would be good for France. Hence, the restoration of the Bourban crown.<ref name="BRB"> Boundless. "Louis XVIII and the Bourbon Restoration." ''Boundless World History'' Boundless. Publication date not stated. Retrieved 3 Aug. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-napoleonic-europe-1197/france-after-1815-1203/louis-xviii-and-the-bourbon-restoration-1204-17771/ </ref> Most civil rights gained during the Revolution were retained during the Restoration. <ref name="BRB" /> | + | After Napoleon the First and France's First Empire were defeated in 1814 by European forces in The War of the Sixth Coalition, the influential French politician and diplomat, Talleyrand, convinced the European victors that a king would be good for France.<ref name="BRB"> Boundless. "Louis XVIII and the Bourbon Restoration." ''Boundless World History Boundless'', Invalid Date Invalid Date. Invalid Date. Retrieved 3 Aug. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-napoleonic-europe-1197/france-after-1815-1203/louis-xviii-and-the-bourbon-restoration-1204-17771/ <ref/> Most civil rights gained during the Revolution were retained during the Restoration. <ref name="BRB" /> |
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| − | ===la Carmagnole... la Marseillaise===
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| − | ''La Carmagnole'' was a song and dance celebrating the fight against the monarchy in 1792. ''La Marseillaise'', written in April 1792, was originally titled ''Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin''. It was written by a French army engineer, Rouget de l'Isle, whom was asked to write a marching song to inspire volunteers for France's war against Austria and Prussia.
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| − | ::"He did it the same night, and hurriedly noted down at the same time the melody, which has ever since been its musical interpretation. This was rehearsed by a number of soldiers, played by a military band ; and the words and music produced an astonishing effect when on the following afternoon the inhabitants were publicly invited to enrol themselves. The number required from Strasburg was six hundred men ; but nine hundred presented themselves on the spot." <ref name="TQRlaM"> "French Patriotic Songs" or "Art. VII.-1. ''Chansons Nationales et Populaires de France''. Dumersan et Noel Ségur. Paris, 1866. 2. ''Le Chansonnier Patriote''. Paris, An l. de la République." in ''The Quarterly Review'', Vol. 130, No. 259 (January & April 1871), London: John Murray, Albamarle Street, pp. 204-24. https://books.google.com/books?id=xUcMAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref>
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| − | Based on this report, Rouget de l'Isle's song was powerful, appealing. A few months later, revolutionary volunteers marching into Paris from Marseille immortalized the song.<ref name="TQRlaM" /> <ref> "191. ROGET DE LISLE (Clause-Joseph)," in ''Outline of the French Revolution Told in Autographs'' (Selected from a Private Collection) copyright by Thacher, John Boyd, Albany, N.Y.: Weed-Parsons Printing Co., 1905, p. 27. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rdw-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> Furthermore, comparing the lyrics of ''La Carmagnole'' and ''La Marseillaise'' reflect Hugo's presentiment of internal conflict, such as deposing royalty, and external, such as "il délivrera le monde" - delivering the world from tyranny. This universal message of ''La Marseillaise'' was a unique theme among European anthems, and ''La Marseillaise'' would indeed become the French national anthem. <ref>Richard, Bernard. "La Marseillaise: a song of war, a song of freedom," Chemins de Mémoire, Ministère des Armées. No publication date provided. Retrieved 4 Aug. 2017. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/la-marseillaise-song-war-song-freedom </ref>
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| | ==Citations== | | ==Citations== |
| | <references /> | | <references /> |
