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| − | Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book First: A Just Man, Chapter 4: Works Corresponding to Words<br />
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| − | (Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 4: Les œuvres semblables aux paroles)
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| | ==General notes on this chapter== | | ==General notes on this chapter== |
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| | Il savait que la croyance est saine. Il cherchait à conseiller et à calmer l'homme désespéré en lui indiquant du doigt l'homme résigné, et à transformer la douleur qui regarde une fosse en lui montrant la douleur qui regarde une étoile. | | Il savait que la croyance est saine. Il cherchait à conseiller et à calmer l'homme désespéré en lui indiquant du doigt l'homme résigné, et à transformer la douleur qui regarde une fosse en lui montrant la douleur qui regarde une étoile. |
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| | ==English text== | | ==English text== |
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| | ==Translation notes== | | ==Translation notes== |
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| − | ===Eh bé! moussu, sès sagé?===
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| − | "Now then, monsieur, are you being sensible?"<ref name="donoughermiseres">Hugo left French translations for these phrases in his draft, ''Les Misères'', which were reprinted in the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade edition of ''Les Misérables'', ed. Maurice Allem, published by Gallimard. The English versions are from Christine Donougher's translation.</ref>
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| − | ===Onté anaras passa?===
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| − | "Where have you been?"<ref name="donoughermiseres" />
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| − | ===Puerte un bouen moutu embe un bouen froumage grase===
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| − | "I've come with a good sheep and a good creamy cheese."<ref name="donoughermiseres" />
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| | ==Textual notes== | | ==Textual notes== |
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| − | ===de Maistre===
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| − | Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821), an arch-conservative Catholic monarchist who saw the Revolution as divine punishment for the degeneration of society, was the author of a number of works, including Les Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg (St Petersburg Evenings, 1821), in which he celebrated the executioner as protector of the social order and bulwark against chaos. <ref name="donougher">Hugo, Victor. The Wretched: A new translation of Les Misérables. Trans. Christine Donougher. London: Penguin Classics, 2013.</ref>
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| − | ===Beccaria===
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| − | Cesare Beccaria (1738–94) wrote an influential treatise on the reform of criminal justice entitled Of Crimes and Punishment (1764), in which he advocated the abolition of capital punishment. Hugo himself championed the abolition of the death penalty in his writings, particularly in his 1829 novel Le Dernier jour d’un condamné (Last Day of a Condemned Man) and his short story ‘Claude Gueux’ (1834), and also took part in public campaigns seeking clemency for those condemned – the American John Brown, for instance, in 1859.<ref name="donougher" />
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| − | ==Citations==
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| − | <references />
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