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| − | Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book First: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome<br /> | + | Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome<br /> |
| | (Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 2: Monsieur Myriel devient monseigneur Bienvenu) | | (Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 2: Monsieur Myriel devient monseigneur Bienvenu) |
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| | ==Translation notes== | | ==Translation notes== |
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| − | ==="the allowance which the department owes him"===
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| − | The division of post-Revolutionary France into newly created administrative areas called ''départements'' came into effect in 1790.<ref name="donougher">Hugo, Victor. The Wretched: A new translation of Les Misérables. Trans. Christine Donougher. London: Penguin Classics, 2013.</ref>
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| | ==Textual notes== | | ==Textual notes== |
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| − | ===Council of Five Hundred... 18th Brumaire... Bigot de Préameneau===
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| − | On 9 November 1799, 18th Brumaire in the French Republican calendar, Napoleon took part in a coup against the Directory, the French Revolutionary government from November 1795 to November 1799, that led to the introduction of a new constitution under which he became first consul, invested with the powers he needed eventually to become emperor. A rump session of the Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the bicameral legislature, the Legislative Corps, that formed part of Directory, signed the transfer of political power. Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu (1747–1825), a moderate during the Revolution (and saved from the guillotine by the fall of Robespierre), was a supporter of the Brumaire conspiracy, a member of the committee that prepared Napoleon’s Civil Code, and minister of public worship 1808–14. This ministry was created in 1804 to implement the 1801 Concordat with Rome, and had jurisdiction over all religious affairs in France.<ref name="donougher" />
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| − | ===Charitable Maternity Societies===
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| − | The Bishop gives 800 livres total to various maternal charity societites. These were state- and church- subsidized organizations, usually run by, and consisting largely of, middle and upper class women. Their goal was to encourage good motherhood among the women of the desperately poor, and in particular, to prevent them from abandoning their children to foundling homes or the streets. They provided material, financial, and "moral" support for poor women facing the prospect of giving up their children, and helped them interact with other concerned agencies. <ref>Christine Adams. Poverty, Charity, and Motherhood: Maternal Societies in Nineteenth-Century France. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010</ref>
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| − | ==Citations==
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| − | <references />
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