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Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book First: A Just Man, Chapter 1: M. Myriel<br />
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Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 1: M. Myriel
(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 1: Monsieur Myriel)
 
  
 
==General notes on this chapter==
 
==General notes on this chapter==
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==Translation notes==
 
==Translation notes==
 
==="maid to Mademoiselle and housekeeper to Monseigneur"===
 
As a simple parish priest Monsieur Myriel would have been addressed as ''monsieur le cur&eacute;''; as bishop he is now ''Monseigneur''.<ref name="donougher" />
 
  
 
==Textual notes==
 
==Textual notes==
 
===Digne===
 
Hugo based his bishop on Charles-François-Melchior-Bienvenu de Miollis (1753–1838), bishop of Digne from 1805 to 1831. <ref name="rose"> Hugo, Victor. 'Les Miserables.''Trans. Julie Rose. Intro. Adam Gopnik. New York: Modern Library Classics, 2009.</ref>
 
 
===The parliament of Aix===
 
The Provence parliament, dating from 1501 and based in Aix-en-Provence, was the chief judiciary authority and highest court in Provence. Bastions of privilege associated with the ancien r&eacute;gime, all the provincial parliaments and the Paris parliament were abolished in the early days of the Revolution.<ref name="donougher">Hugo, Victor. ''The Wretched: A new translation of Les Mis&eacute;rables.'' Trans. Christine Donougher. London: Penguin Classics, 2013.</ref>
 
 
===Judicial aristocracy===
 
Before the French Revolution the French aristocracy who owed their rank to their military service were known as the noblesse d'&eacute;p&eacute;e, 'the nobility of the sword', while those who were ennobled because of their judicial or administrative position were the noblesse de robe, 'nobility of the robe', or 'gown'.<ref name="donougher"/>
 
 
===The tragic spectacles of '93===
 
Louis XVI was executed on 21 January, Marie-Antoinette on 16 October. The Terror implemented by the Revolutionary government's Committee of Public Safety began in September and continued until the fall of Robespierre in July 1794.<ref name="donougher"/>
 
 
===The coronation===
 
Napoleon's coronation as emperor took place on 2 December 1804 at the church of Notre-Dame in Paris, in a ceremony at which Pope Pius VII officiated.<ref name="donougher"/>
 
 
===Cardinal Fesch===
 
Joseph Fesch (1763–1839), an uncle of Napoleon, was named archbishop of Lyon in 1802 and created cardinal in 1803; Napoleon appointed him ambassador to Rome that same year.<ref name="donougher"/>
 
 
===Palabres===
 
Now commonly used in modern French to mean 'interminable discussions', etymologically and historically the word derives from the Spanish palabra ('word'), which entered French usage as a result of contacts with Africans who had previously traded with the Spanish. The word came to be associated with notoriously lengthy ritual gift-presentation ceremonies. Hence its southern connotations.<ref name="donougher"/>
 
 
==Citations==
 
<references/>
 

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