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| − | Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book First: A Just Man, Chapter 1: M. Myriel<br /> | + | Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 1: M. Myriel |
| − | (Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 1: Monsieur Myriel)
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| | ==General notes on this chapter== | | ==General notes on this chapter== |
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| | ==Translation notes== | | ==Translation notes== |
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| − | ==="maid to Mademoiselle and housekeeper to Monseigneur"===
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| − | As a simple parish priest Monsieur Myriel would have been addressed as ''monsieur le curé''; as bishop he is now ''Monseigneur''.<ref name="donougher" />
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| | ==Textual notes== | | ==Textual notes== |
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| − | ===Digne===
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| − | Hugo based his bishop on Charles-François-Melchior-Bienvenu de Miollis (1753–1838), bishop of Digne from 1805 to 1831. <ref name="rose"> Hugo, Victor. 'Les Miserables.''Trans. Julie Rose. Intro. Adam Gopnik. New York: Modern Library Classics, 2009.</ref>
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| − | ===The parliament of Aix===
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| − | The Provence parliament, dating from 1501 and based in Aix-en-Provence, was the chief judiciary authority and highest court in Provence. Bastions of privilege associated with the ancien régime, all the provincial parliaments and the Paris parliament were abolished in the early days of the Revolution.<ref name="donougher">Hugo, Victor. ''The Wretched: A new translation of Les Misérables.'' Trans. Christine Donougher. London: Penguin Classics, 2013.</ref>
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| − | ===Judicial aristocracy===
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| − | Before the French Revolution the French aristocracy who owed their rank to their military service were known as the noblesse d'épée, 'the nobility of the sword', while those who were ennobled because of their judicial or administrative position were the noblesse de robe, 'nobility of the robe', or 'gown'.<ref name="donougher"/>
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| − | ===The tragic spectacles of '93===
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| − | Louis XVI was executed on 21 January, Marie-Antoinette on 16 October. The Terror implemented by the Revolutionary government's Committee of Public Safety began in September and continued until the fall of Robespierre in July 1794.<ref name="donougher"/>
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| − | ===The coronation===
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| − | Napoleon's coronation as emperor took place on 2 December 1804 at the church of Notre-Dame in Paris, in a ceremony at which Pope Pius VII officiated.<ref name="donougher"/>
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| − | ===Cardinal Fesch===
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| − | Joseph Fesch (1763–1839), an uncle of Napoleon, was named archbishop of Lyon in 1802 and created cardinal in 1803; Napoleon appointed him ambassador to Rome that same year.<ref name="donougher"/>
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| − | ===Palabres===
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| − | Now commonly used in modern French to mean 'interminable discussions', etymologically and historically the word derives from the Spanish palabra ('word'), which entered French usage as a result of contacts with Africans who had previously traded with the Spanish. The word came to be associated with notoriously lengthy ritual gift-presentation ceremonies. Hence its southern connotations.<ref name="donougher"/>
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| − | ==Citations==
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| − | <references/>
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