Volume 5/Book 3/Chapter 6

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Les Misérables, Volume 5: Jean Valjean, Book Third: Mud but the Soul, Chapter 6: The Fontis
(Tome 5: Jean Valjean, Livre troisième: La boue, mais l'âme, Chapitre 6: Le fontis)

General notes on this chapter

French text

Jean Valjean se trouvait en présence d'un fontis.

Ce genre d'écroulement était alors fréquent dans le sous-sol des Champs-Élysées, difficilement maniable aux travaux hydrauliques et peu conservateur des constructions souterraines à cause de son excessive fluidité. Cette fluidité dépasse l'inconsistance des sables même du quartier Saint-Georges, qui n'ont pu être vaincus que par un enrochement sur béton, et des couches glaiseuses infectées de gaz du quartier des Martyrs, si liquides que le passage n'a pu être pratiqué sous la galerie des Martyrs qu'au moyen d'un tuyau en fonte. Lorsqu'en 1836 on a démoli sous le faubourg Saint-Honoré, pour le reconstruire, le vieil égout en pierre où nous voyons en ce moment Jean Valjean engagé, le sable mouvant, qui est le sous-sol des Champs-Élysées jusqu'à la Seine, fit obstacle au point que l'opération dura près de six mois, au grand récri des riverains, surtout des riverains à hôtels et à carrosses. Les travaux furent plus que malaisés; ils furent dangereux. Il est vrai qu'il y eut quatre mois et demi de pluie et trois crues de la Seine.

Le fontis que Jean Valjean rencontrait avait pour cause l'averse de la veille. Un fléchissement du pavé mal soutenu par le sable sous-jacent avait produit un engorgement d'eau pluviale. L'infiltration s'étant faite, l'effondrement avait suivi. Le radier, disloqué, s'était affaissé dans la vase. Sur quelle longueur? Impossible de le dire. L'obscurité était là plus épaisse que partout ailleurs. C'était un trou de boue dans une caverne de nuit.

Jean Valjean sentit le pavé se dérober sous lui. Il entra dans cette fange. C'était de l'eau à la surface, de la vase au fond. Il fallait bien passer. Revenir sur ses pas était impossible. Marius était expirant, et Jean Valjean exténué. Où aller d'ailleurs? Jean Valjean avança. Du reste la fondrière parut peu profonde aux premiers pas. Mais à mesure qu'il avançait, ses pieds plongeaient. Il eut bientôt de la vase jusqu'à mi-jambe et de l'eau plus haut que les genoux. Il marchait, exhaussant de ses deux bras Marius le plus qu'il pouvait au-dessus de l'eau. La vase lui venait maintenant aux jarrets et l'eau à la ceinture. Il ne pouvait déjà plus reculer. Il enfonçait de plus en plus. Cette vase, assez dense pour le poids d'un homme, ne pouvait évidemment en porter deux. Marius et Jean Valjean eussent eu chance de s'en tirer, isolément. Jean Valjean continua d'avancer, soutenant ce mourant, qui était un cadavre peut-être.

L'eau lui venait aux aisselles; il se sentait sombrer; c'est à peine s'il pouvait se mouvoir dans la profondeur de bourbe où il était. La densité, qui était le soutien, était aussi l'obstacle. Il soulevait toujours Marius, et, avec une dépense de force inouïe, il avançait; mais il enfonçait. Il n'avait plus que la tête hors de l'eau, et ses deux bras élevant Marius. Il y a, dans les vieilles peintures du déluge, une mère qui fait ainsi de son enfant.

Il enfonça encore, il renversa sa face en arrière pour échapper à l'eau et pouvoir respirer; qui l'eût vu dans cette obscurité eût cru voir un masque flottant sur de l'ombre; il apercevait vaguement au-dessus de lui la tête pendante et le visage livide de Marius; il fit un effort désespéré, et lança son pied en avant; son pied heurta on ne sait quoi de solide. Un point d'appui. Il était temps.

Il se dressa et se tordit et s'enracina avec une sorte de furie sur ce point d'appui. Cela lui fit l'effet de la première marche d'un escalier remontant à la vie.

Ce point d'appui, rencontré dans la vase au moment suprême, était le commencement de l'autre versant du radier, qui avait plié sans se briser et s'était courbé sous l'eau comme une planche et d'un seul morceau. Les pavages bien construits font voûte et ont de ces fermetés-là. Ce fragment de radier, submergé en partie, mais solide, était une véritable rampe, et, une fois sur cette rampe, on était sauvé. Jean Valjean remonta ce plan incliné et arriva de l'autre côté de la fondrière.

En sortant de l'eau, il se heurta à une pierre et tomba sur les genoux. Il trouva que c'était juste, et y resta quelque temps, l'âme abîmée dans on ne sait quelle parole à Dieu.

Il se redressa, frissonnant, glacé, infect, courbé sous ce mourant qu'il traînait, tout ruisselant de fange, l'âme pleine d'une étrange clarté.

English text

Jean Valjean found himself in the presence of a fontis.

This sort of quagmire was common at that period in the subsoil of the Champs-Elysees, difficult to handle in the hydraulic works and a bad preservative of the subterranean constructions, on account of its excessive fluidity. This fluidity exceeds even the inconsistency of the sands of the Quartier Saint-Georges, which could only be conquered by a stone construction on a concrete foundation, and the clayey strata, infected with gas, of the Quartier des Martyrs, which are so liquid that the only way in which a passage was effected under the gallery des Martyrs was by means of a cast-iron pipe. When, in 1836, the old stone sewer beneath the Faubourg Saint-Honore, in which we now see Jean Valjean, was demolished for the purpose of reconstructing it, the quicksand, which forms the subsoil of the Champs-Elysees as far as the Seine, presented such an obstacle, that the operation lasted nearly six months, to the great clamor of the dwellers on the riverside, particularly those who had hotels and carriages. The work was more than unhealthy; it was dangerous. It is true that they had four months and a half of rain, and three floods of the Seine.

The fontis which Jean Valjean had encountered was caused by the downpour of the preceding day. The pavement, badly sustained by the subjacent sand, had given way and had produced a stoppage of the water. Infiltration had taken place, a slip had followed. The dislocated bottom had sunk into the ooze. To what extent? Impossible to say. The obscurity was more dense there than elsewhere. It was a pit of mire in a cavern of night.

Jean Valjean felt the pavement vanishing beneath his feet. He entered this slime. There was water on the surface, slime at the bottom. He must pass it. To retrace his steps was impossible. Marius was dying, and Jean Valjean exhausted. Besides, where was he to go? Jean Valjean advanced. Moreover, the pit seemed, for the first few steps, not to be very deep. But in proportion as he advanced, his feet plunged deeper. Soon he had the slime up to his calves and water above his knees. He walked on, raising Marius in his arms, as far above the water as he could. The mire now reached to his knees, and the water to his waist. He could no longer retreat. This mud, dense enough for one man, could not, obviously, uphold two. Marius and Jean Valjean would have stood a chance of extricating themselves singly. Jean Valjean continued to advance, supporting the dying man, who was, perhaps, a corpse.

The water came up to his arm-pits; he felt that he was sinking; it was only with difficulty that he could move in the depth of ooze which he had now reached. The density, which was his support, was also an obstacle. He still held Marius on high, and with an unheard-of expenditure of force, he advanced still; but he was sinking. He had only his head above the water now and his two arms holding up Marius. In the old paintings of the deluge there is a mother holding her child thus.

He sank still deeper, he turned his face to the rear, to escape the water, and in order that he might be able to breathe; anyone who had seen him in that gloom would have thought that what he beheld was a mask floating on the shadows; he caught a faint glimpse above him of the drooping head and livid face of Marius; he made a desperate effort and launched his foot forward; his foot struck something solid; a point of support. It was high time.

He straightened himself up, and rooted himself upon that point of support with a sort of fury. This produced upon him the effect of the first step in a staircase leading back to life.

The point of support, thus encountered in the mire at the supreme moment, was the beginning of the other water-shed of the pavement, which had bent but had not given way, and which had curved under the water like a plank and in a single piece. Well built pavements form a vault and possess this sort of firmness. This fragment of the vaulting, partly submerged, but solid, was a veritable inclined plane, and, once on this plane, he was safe. Jean Valjean mounted this inclined plane and reached the other side of the quagmire.

As he emerged from the water, he came in contact with a stone and fell upon his knees. He reflected that this was but just, and he remained there for some time, with his soul absorbed in words addressed to God.

He rose to his feet, shivering, chilled, foul-smelling, bowed beneath the dying man whom he was dragging after him, all dripping with slime, and his soul filled with a strange light.

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