Volume 1/Book 1/Chapter 8

Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book First: A Just Man, Chapter 8: Philosophy After Drinking (Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un juste, Chapitre 8: Philosophie après boire)

French text

Le sénateur dont il a été parlé plus haut était un homme entendu qui avait fait son chemin avec une rectitude inattentive à toutes ces rencontres qui font obstacle et qu'on nomme conscience, foi jurée, justice, devoir; il avait marché droit à son but et sans broncher une seule fois dans la ligne de son avancement et de son intérêt. C'était un ancien procureur, attendri par le succès, pas méchant homme du tout, rendant tous les petits services qu'il pouvait à ses fils, à ses gendres, à ses parents, même à des amis; ayant sagement pris de la vie les bons côtés, les bonnes occasions, les bonnes aubaines. Le reste lui semblait assez bête. Il était spirituel, et juste assez lettré pour se croire un disciple d'Épicure en n'étant peut-être qu'un produit de Pigault-Lebrun. Il riait volontiers, et agréablement, des choses infinies et éternelles, et des «billevesées du bonhomme évêque». Il en riait quelquefois, avec une aimable autorité, devant M. Myriel lui-même, qui écoutait.

À je ne sais plus quelle cérémonie demi-officielle, le comte*** (ce sénateur) et M. Myriel durent dîner chez le préfet. Au dessert, le sénateur, un peu égayé, quoique toujours digne, s'écria:

—Parbleu, monsieur l'évêque, causons. Un sénateur et un évêque se regardent difficilement sans cligner de l'œil. Nous sommes deux augures. Je vais vous faire un aveu. J'ai ma philosophie.

—Et vous avez raison, répondit l'évêque. Comme on fait sa philosophie on se couche. Vous êtes sur le lit de pourpre, monsieur le sénateur.

Le sénateur, encouragé, reprit:

—Soyons bons enfants.

—Bons diables même, dit l'évêque.

—Je vous déclare, reprit le sénateur, que le marquis d'Argens, Pyrrhon, Hobbes et M. Naigeon ne sont pas des maroufles. J'ai dans ma bibliothèque tous mes philosophes dorés sur tranche.

—Comme vous-même, monsieur le comte, interrompit l'évêque.

Le sénateur poursuivit:

—Je hais Diderot; c'est un idéologue, un déclamateur et un révolutionnaire, au fond croyant en Dieu, et plus bigot que Voltaire. Voltaire s'est moqué de Needham, et il a eu tort; car les anguilles de Needham prouvent que Dieu est inutile. Une goutte de vinaigre dans une cuillerée de pâte de farine supplée le fiat lux. Supposez la goutte plus grosse et la cuillerée plus grande, vous avez le monde. L'homme, c'est l'anguille. Alors à quoi bon le Père éternel? Monsieur l'évêque, l'hypothèse Jéhovah me fatigue. Elle n'est bonne qu'à produire des gens maigres qui songent creux. À bas ce grand Tout qui me tracasse! Vive Zéro qui me laisse tranquille! De vous à moi, et pour vider mon sac, et pour me confesser à mon pasteur comme il convient, je vous avoue que j'ai du bon sens. Je ne suis pas fou de votre Jésus qui prêche à tout bout de champ le renoncement et le sacrifice. Conseil d'avare à des gueux. Renoncement! pourquoi? Sacrifice! à quoi? Je ne vois pas qu'un loup s'immole au bonheur d'un autre loup. Restons donc dans la nature. Nous sommes au sommet; ayons la philosophie supérieure. Que sert d'être en haut, si l'on ne voit pas plus loin que le bout du nez des autres? Vivons gaîment. La vie, c'est tout. Que l'homme ait un autre avenir, ailleurs, là-haut, là-bas, quelque part, je n'en crois pas un traître mot. Ah! l'on me recommande le sacrifice et le renoncement, je dois prendre garde à tout ce que je fais, il faut que je me casse la tête sur le bien et le mal, sur le juste et l'injuste, sur le fas et le nefas. Pourquoi? parce que j'aurai à rendre compte de mes actions. Quand? après ma mort. Quel bon rêve! Après ma mort, bien fin qui me pincera. Faites donc saisir une poignée de cendre par une main d'ombre. Disons le vrai, nous qui sommes des initiés et qui avons levé la jupe d'Isis: il n'y a ni bien, ni mal; il y a de la végétation. Cherchons le réel. Creusons tout à fait. Allons au fond, que diable! Il faut flairer la vérité, fouiller sous terre, et la saisir. Alors elle vous donne des joies exquises. Alors vous devenez fort, et vous riez. Je suis carré par la base, moi. Monsieur l'évêque, l'immortalité de l'homme est un écoute-s'il-pleut. Oh! la charmante promesse! Fiez-vous-y. Le bon billet qu'a Adam! On est âme, on sera ange, on aura des ailes bleues aux omoplates. Aidez-moi donc, n'est-ce pas Tertullien qui dit que les bienheureux iront d'un astre à l'autre? Soit. On sera les sauterelles des étoiles. Et puis, on verra Dieu. Ta ta ta. Fadaises que tous ces paradis. Dieu est une sonnette monstre. Je ne dirais point cela dans le Moniteur, parbleu! mais je le chuchote entre amis. Inter pocula. Sacrifier la terre au paradis, c'est lâcher la proie pour l'ombre. Être dupe de l'infini! pas si bête. Je suis néant. Je m'appelle monsieur le comte Néant, sénateur. Étais-je avant ma naissance? Non. Serai-je après ma mort? Non. Que suis-je? un peu de poussière agrégée par un organisme. Qu'ai-je à faire sur cette terre? J'ai le choix. Souffrir ou jouir. Où me mènera la souffrance? Au néant. Mais j'aurai souffert. Où me mènera la jouissance? Au néant. Mais j'aurai joui. Mon choix est fait. Il faut être mangeant ou mangé. Je mange. Mieux vaut être la dent que l'herbe. Telle est ma sagesse. Après quoi, va comme je te pousse, le fossoyeur est là, le Panthéon pour nous autres, tout tombe dans le grand trou. Fin. Finis. Liquidation totale. Ceci est l'endroit de l'évanouissement. La mort est morte, croyez-moi. Qu'il y ait là quelqu'un qui ait quelque chose à me dire, je ris d'y songer. Invention de nourrices. Croquemitaine pour les enfants, Jéhovah pour les hommes. Non, notre lendemain est de la nuit. Derrière la tombe, il n'y a plus que des néants égaux. Vous avez été Sardanapale, vous avez été Vincent de Paul, cela fait le même rien. Voilà le vrai. Donc vivez, par-dessus tout. Usez de votre moi pendant que vous le tenez. En vérité, je vous le dis, monsieur l'évêque, j'ai ma philosophie, et j'ai mes philosophes. Je ne me laisse pas enguirlander par des balivernes. Après ça, il faut bien quelque chose à ceux qui sont en bas, aux va-nu-pieds, aux gagne-petit, aux misérables. On leur donne à gober les légendes, les chimères, l'âme, l'immortalité, le paradis, les étoiles. Ils mâchent cela. Ils le mettent sur leur pain sec. Qui n'a rien a le bon Dieu. C'est bien le moins. Je n'y fais point obstacle, mais je garde pour moi monsieur Naigeon. Le bon Dieu est bon pour le peuple.

L'évêque battit des mains.

—Voilà parler! s'écria-t-il. L'excellente chose, et vraiment merveilleuse, que ce matérialisme-là! Ne l'a pas qui veut. Ah! quand on l'a, on n'est plus dupe; on ne se laisse pas bêtement exiler comme Caton, ni lapider comme Étienne, ni brûler vif comme Jeanne d'Arc. Ceux qui ont réussi à se procurer ce matérialisme admirable ont la joie de se sentir irresponsables, et de penser qu'ils peuvent dévorer tout, sans inquiétude, les places, les sinécures, les dignités, le pouvoir bien ou mal acquis, les palinodies lucratives, les trahisons utiles, les savoureuses capitulations de conscience, et qu'ils entreront dans la tombe, leur digestion faite. Comme c'est agréable! Je ne dis pas cela pour vous, monsieur le sénateur. Cependant il m'est impossible de ne point vous féliciter. Vous autres grands seigneurs, vous avez, vous le dites, une philosophie à vous et pour vous, exquise, raffinée, accessible aux riches seuls, bonne à toutes les sauces, assaisonnant admirablement les voluptés de la vie. Cette philosophie est prise dans les profondeurs et déterrée par des chercheurs spéciaux. Mais vous êtes bons princes, et vous ne trouvez pas mauvais que la croyance au bon Dieu soit la philosophie du peuple, à peu près comme l'oie aux marrons est la dinde aux truffes du pauvre.

English text

The senator above mentioned was a clever man, who had made his own way, heedless of those things which present obstacles, and which are called conscience, sworn faith, justice, duty: he had marched straight to his goal, without once flinching in the line of his advancement and his interest. He was an old attorney, softened by success; not a bad man by any means, who rendered all the small services in his power to his sons, his sons-in-law, his relations, and even to his friends, having wisely seized upon, in life, good sides, good opportunities, good windfalls. Everything else seemed to him very stupid. He was intelligent, and just sufficiently educated to think himself a disciple of Epicurus; while he was, in reality, only a product of Pigault-Lebrun. He laughed willingly and pleasantly over infinite and eternal things, and at the "Crotchets of that good old fellow the Bishop." He even sometimes laughed at him with an amiable authority in the presence of M. Myriel himself, who listened to him.

On some semi-official occasion or other, I do not recollect what, Count*** [this senator] and M. Myriel were to dine with the prefect. At dessert, the senator, who was slightly exhilarated, though still perfectly dignified, exclaimed:—

"Egad, Bishop, let's have a discussion. It is hard for a senator and a bishop to look at each other without winking. We are two augurs. I am going to make a confession to you. I have a philosophy of my own."

"And you are right," replied the Bishop. "As one makes one's philosophy, so one lies on it. You are on the bed of purple, senator."

The senator was encouraged, and went on:—

"Let us be good fellows."

"Good devils even," said the Bishop.

"I declare to you," continued the senator, "that the Marquis d'Argens, Pyrrhon, Hobbes, and M. Naigeon are no rascals. I have all the philosophers in my library gilded on the edges."

"Like yourself, Count," interposed the Bishop.

The senator resumed:—

"I hate Diderot; he is an ideologist, a declaimer, and a revolutionist, a believer in God at bottom, and more bigoted than Voltaire. Voltaire made sport of Needham, and he was wrong, for Needham's eels prove that God is useless. A drop of vinegar in a spoonful of flour paste supplies the fiat lux. Suppose the drop to be larger and the spoonful bigger; you have the world. Man is the eel. Then what is the good of the Eternal Father? The Jehovah hypothesis tires me, Bishop. It is good for nothing but to produce shallow people, whose reasoning is hollow. Down with that great All, which torments me! Hurrah for Zero which leaves me in peace! Between you and me, and in order to empty my sack, and make confession to my pastor, as it behooves me to do, I will admit to you that I have good sense. I am not enthusiastic over your Jesus, who preaches renunciation and sacrifice to the last extremity. 'Tis the counsel of an avaricious man to beggars. Renunciation; why? Sacrifice; to what end? I do not see one wolf immolating himself for the happiness of another wolf. Let us stick to nature, then. We are at the top; let us have a superior philosophy. What is the advantage of being at the top, if one sees no further than the end of other people's noses? Let us live merrily. Life is all. That man has another future elsewhere, on high, below, anywhere, I don't believe; not one single word of it. Ah! sacrifice and renunciation are recommended to me; I must take heed to everything I do; I must cudgel my brains over good and evil, over the just and the unjust, over the fas and the nefas. Why? Because I shall have to render an account of my actions. When? After death. What a fine dream! After my death it will be a very clever person who can catch me. Have a handful of dust seized by a shadow-hand, if you can. Let us tell the truth, we who are initiated, and who have raised the veil of Isis: there is no such thing as either good or evil; there is vegetation. Let us seek the real. Let us get to the bottom of it. Let us go into it thoroughly. What the deuce! let us go to the bottom of it! We must scent out the truth; dig in the earth for it, and seize it. Then it gives you exquisite joys. Then you grow strong, and you laugh. I am square on the bottom, I am. Immortality, Bishop, is a chance, a waiting for dead men's shoes. Ah! what a charming promise! trust to it, if you like! What a fine lot Adam has! We are souls, and we shall be angels, with blue wings on our shoulder-blades. Do come to my assistance: is it not Tertullian who says that the blessed shall travel from star to star? Very well. We shall be the grasshoppers of the stars. And then, besides, we shall see God. Ta, ta, ta! What twaddle all these paradises are! God is a nonsensical monster. I would not say that in the Moniteur, egad! but I may whisper it among friends. Inter pocula. To sacrifice the world to paradise is to let slip the prey for the shadow. Be the dupe of the infinite! I'm not such a fool. I am a nought. I call myself Monsieur le Comte Nought, senator. Did I exist before my birth? No. Shall I exist after death? No. What am I? A little dust collected in an organism. What am I to do on this earth? The choice rests with me: suffer or enjoy. Whither will suffering lead me? To nothingness; but I shall have suffered. Whither will enjoyment lead me? To nothingness; but I shall have enjoyed myself. My choice is made. One must eat or be eaten. I shall eat. It is better to be the tooth than the grass. Such is my wisdom. After which, go whither I push thee, the grave-digger is there; the Pantheon for some of us: all falls into the great hole. End. Finis. Total liquidation. This is the vanishing-point. Death is death, believe me. I laugh at the idea of there being any one who has anything to tell me on that subject. Fables of nurses; bugaboo for children; Jehovah for men. No; our to-morrow is the night. Beyond the tomb there is nothing but equal nothingness. You have been Sardanapalus, you have been Vincent de Paul—it makes no difference. That is the truth. Then live your life, above all things. Make use of your I while you have it. In truth, Bishop, I tell you that I have a philosophy of my own, and I have my philosophers. I don't let myself be taken in with that nonsense. Of course, there must be something for those who are down,—for the barefooted beggars, knife-grinders, and miserable wretches. Legends, chimeras, the soul, immortality, paradise, the stars, are provided for them to swallow. They gobble it down. They spread it on their dry bread. He who has nothing else has the good. God. That is the least he can have. I oppose no objection to that; but I reserve Monsieur Naigeon for myself. The good God is good for the populace."

The Bishop clapped his hands.

"That's talking!" he exclaimed. "What an excellent and really marvellous thing is this materialism! Not every one who wants it can have it. Ah! when one does have it, one is no longer a dupe, one does not stupidly allow one's self to be exiled like Cato, nor stoned like Stephen, nor burned alive like Jeanne d'Arc. Those who have succeeded in procuring this admirable materialism have the joy of feeling themselves irresponsible, and of thinking that they can devour everything without uneasiness,—places, sinecures, dignities, power, whether well or ill acquired, lucrative recantations, useful treacheries, savory capitulations of conscience,—and that they shall enter the tomb with their digestion accomplished. How agreeable that is! I do not say that with reference to you, senator. Nevertheless, it is impossible for me to refrain from congratulating you. You great lords have, so you say, a philosophy of your own, and for yourselves, which is exquisite, refined, accessible to the rich alone, good for all sauces, and which seasons the voluptuousness of life admirably. This philosophy has been extracted from the depths, and unearthed by special seekers. But you are good-natured princes, and you do not think it a bad thing that belief in the good God should constitute the philosophy of the people, very much as the goose stuffed with chestnuts is the truffled turkey of the poor."

Textual notes

Epicurus

Greek philosopher of the third century B.C.E. who advocated the pursuit of contentment in life.

Pigault-Lebrun

Guillame-Charles-Antoine Pigault de l'Épiney (1753-1835), who published under the name Pigault-Lebrun, was known for his scandalously libertine and antireligious writings, largely forgotten today.

"the marquis d'Argent, Pyrrhon, Hobbes, and Monsieur Naigeon"

A comically ignorant hodgepodge of names. The Marquis d'Argen (1704-71) was best known for his wit, largely forgotten today; Pyrrhon (third century B.C.E.) was one of the first of the Greek Skeptic philosophers; the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), one of the most influential European philosophers, is best known for his Leviathan and for his assertion that life, in the state of nature, is nasty, brutish, and short; Monsieur Naigeon was a publisher and friend of Diderot.

"Diderot"

Denis Diderot (1713-84), along with Voltaire and Rousseau one of the greatest figures of the French Englightenment. An archrationalist and atheist, Diderot was best known in his time as the co-editor (with d'Alembert) of the Encyclopédie, the great compendium of Enlightenment rationalism; he was also an essayist, playwright, and novelist. The senator's opinions on Diderot reveal him to be a man of dangerously little knowledge.

"even more of a bigot than Voltaire"

bigot in the sense of the French word bigot, meaning someone of narrow-minded and intolerant religious orthodoxy. If anyone could be less of a bigot than the deist Voltaire, it was the atheist Diderot.

"Needham"

Jean Turberville Needham (1713-81) is best remembered today as a target for Voltaire's satire, directed at Needham's belief in spontaneous generation.

"Tertullian"

A classical writer and early convert to Christianity (ca. 160-240).

"Moniteur"

The quasi-official journal of government proceedings from 1799-1901.

"Panthéon"

During the Revolution, the Church of Saint Geneviéve was renamed the Panthéon and dedicated as the mausoleum of the heroes of the nation. The great Revolutionary orator Mirabeau was the first man interred there, followed by the disinterred remains of Voltaire. After being restored to its original purpose as a church by the Restoration government in 1815, the building was converted back into a mausoleum in 1884, just in time to receive the mortal remains of Victor Hugo.

"Sardanapalus or Vincent de Paul"

Two antithetical figures. Sardanapalus was, according to legend, the last debauched king of Babylon; Saint Vincent de Paul (1576-1660) founded two religious orders, one of priests, one of nuns, dedicated to active service to the poor. Vincent was known for his personal humility and gently piety.

"Cato... Stephen... Joan of Arc"

Three martyrs to principle. The Roman senator Cato the Younger (95-46 B.C.E.) fled Rome and later killed himself rather than submit willingly to Julius Caesar; Saint Stephen was martyred by stoning in first-century Jerusalem; Saint Joan of Arc, "the maid of Orléans," was a peasant girl from Lorraine who presented herself to the court of king Charles VIII and announced that God had sent her to drive the English out of France. After leading the French army to a near-total victory, Joan was abandoned to the English, who tried her as a heretic and burned her at the stake in 1431.

Translation notes

Fiat lux.

Let there be light.

over the fas and the nefas

over what is allowed and isn't allowed

fās

1. divine law

nefās

1. wrong, (moral) offense, wicked act

inter pocula

over a glass