Volume 3/Book 5/Chapter 2

Les Misérables, Volume 3: Marius, Book Fifth: The Excellence of Misfortune, Chapter 2: Marius Poor
(Tome 3: Marius, Livre cinqième: Excellence du malheur, Chapitre 2: Marius pauvre)

French text

Il en est de la misère comme de tout. Elle arrive à devenir possible. Elle finit par prendre une forme et se composer. On végète, c'est-à-dire on se développe d'une certaine façon chétive, mais suffisante à la vie. Voici de quelle manière l'existence de Marius Pontmercy s'était arrangée:

Il était sorti du plus étroit, le défilé s'élargissait un peu devant lui. À force de labeur, de courage, de persévérance et de volonté, il était parvenu à tirer de son travail environ sept cents francs par an. Il avait appris l'allemand et l'anglais. Grâce à Courfeyrac qui l'avait mis en rapport avec son ami le libraire, Marius remplissait dans la littérature-librairie le modeste rôle d'utilité. Il faisait des prospectus, traduisait des journaux, annotait des éditions, compilait des biographies, etc. Produit net, bon an mal an, sept cents francs. Il en vivait. Pas mal. Comment? Nous l'allons dire.

Marius occupait dans la masure Gorbeau, moyennant le prix annuel de trente francs, un taudis sans cheminée qualifié cabinet où il n'y avait, en fait de meubles, que l'indispensable. Ces meubles étaient à lui. Il donnait trois francs par mois à la vieille principale locataire pour qu'elle vînt balayer le taudis et lui apporter chaque matin un peu d'eau chaude, un œuf frais et un pain d'un sou. De ce pain et de cet œuf, il déjeunait. Son déjeuner variait de deux à quatre sous selon que les œufs étaient chers ou bon marché. À six heures du soir, il descendait rue Saint-Jacques, dîner chez Rousseau, vis-à-vis Basset le marchand d'estampes du coin de la rue des Mathurins. Il ne mangeait pas de soupe. Il prenait un plat de viande de six sous, un demi-plat de légumes de trois sous, et un dessert de trois sous. Pour trois sous, du pain à discrétion. Quant au vin, il buvait de l'eau. En payant au comptoir, où siégeait majestueusement madame Rousseau, à cette époque toujours grasse et encore fraîche, il donnait un sou au garçon, et madame Rousseau lui donnait un sourire. Puis il s'en allait. Pour seize sous, il avait eu un sourire et un dîner.

Ce restaurant Rousseau, où l'on vidait si peu de bouteilles et tant de carafes, était un calmant plus encore qu'un restaurant. Il n'existe plus aujourd'hui. Le maître avait un beau surnom; on l'appelait Rousseau l'aquatique.

Ainsi, déjeuner quatre sous, dîner seize sous; sa nourriture lui coûtait vingt sous par jour; ce qui faisait trois cent soixante-cinq francs par an. Ajoutez les trente francs de loyer et les trente-six francs à la vieille, plus quelques menus frais; pour quatre cent cinquante francs, Marius était nourri, logé et servi. Son habillement lui coûtait cent francs, son linge cinquante francs, son blanchissage cinquante francs, le tout ne dépassait pas six cent cinquante francs. Il lui restait cinquante francs. Il était riche. Il prêtait dans l'occasion dix francs à un ami; Courfeyrac avait pu lui emprunter une fois soixante francs. Quant au chauffage, n'ayant pas de cheminée, Marius l'avait «simplifié».

Marius avait toujours deux habillements complets; l'un vieux, «pour tous les jours», l'autre tout neuf, pour les occasions. Les deux étaient noirs. Il n'avait que trois chemises, l'une sur lui, l'autre dans sa commode, la troisième chez la blanchisseuse. Il les renouvelait à mesure qu'elles s'usaient. Elles étaient habituellement déchirées, ce qui lui faisait boutonner son habit jusqu'au menton.

Pour que Marius en vînt à cette situation florissante, il avait fallu des années. Années rudes; difficiles, les unes à traverser, les autres à gravir. Marius n'avait point failli un seul jour. Il avait tout subi, en fait de dénûment; il avait tout fait, excepté des dettes. Il se rendait ce témoignage que jamais il n'avait dû un sou à personne. Pour lui, une dette, c'était le commencement de l'esclavage. Il se disait même qu'un créancier est pire qu'un maître; car un maître ne possède que votre personne, un créancier possède votre dignité et peut la souffleter. Plutôt que d'emprunter il ne mangeait pas. Il avait eu beaucoup de jours de jeûne. Sentant que toutes les extrémités se touchent et que, si l'on n'y prend garde, l'abaissement de fortune peut mener à la bassesse d'âme, il veillait jalousement sur sa fierté. Telle formule ou telle démarche qui, dans toute autre situation, lui eût paru déférence, lui semblait platitude, et il se redressait. Il ne hasardait rien, ne voulant pas reculer. Il avait sur le visage une sorte de rougeur sévère. Il était timide jusqu'à l'âpreté.

Dans toutes ses épreuves il se sentait encouragé et quelquefois même porté par une force secrète qu'il avait en lui. L'âme aide le corps, et à de certains moments le soulève. C'est le seul oiseau qui soutienne sa cage.

À côté du nom de son père, un autre nom était gravé dans le cœur de Marius, le nom de Thénardier. Marius, dans sa nature enthousiaste et grave, environnait d'une sorte d'auréole l'homme auquel, dans sa pensée, il devait la vie de son père, cet intrépide sergent qui avait sauvé le colonel au milieu des boulets et des balles de Waterloo. Il ne séparait jamais le souvenir de cet homme du souvenir de son père, et il les associait dans sa vénération. C'était une sorte de culte à deux degrés, le grand autel pour le colonel, le petit pour Thénardier. Ce qui redoublait l'attendrissement de sa reconnaissance, c'est l'idée de l'infortune où il savait Thénardier tombé et englouti. Marius avait appris à Montfermeil la ruine et la faillite du malheureux aubergiste. Depuis il avait fait des efforts inouïs pour saisir sa trace et tâcher d'arriver à lui dans ce ténébreux abîme de la misère où Thénardier avait disparu. Marius avait battu tout le pays; il était allé à Chelles, à Bondy, à Gournay, à Nogent, à Lagny. Pendant trois années il s'y était acharné, dépensant à ces explorations le peu d'argent qu'il épargnait. Personne n'avait pu lui donner de nouvelles de Thénardier; on le croyait passé en pays étranger. Ses créanciers l'avaient cherché aussi, avec moins d'amour que Marius, mais avec autant d'acharnement, et n'avaient pu mettre la main sur lui. Marius s'accusait et s'en voulait presque de ne pas réussir dans ses recherches. C'était la seule dette que lui eût laissée le Colonel, et Marius tenait à honneur de la payer.—Comment! pensait-il, quand mon père gisait mourant sur le champ de bataille, Thénardier, lui, a bien su le trouver à travers la fumée et la mitraille et l'emporter sur ses épaules, et il ne lui devait rien cependant, et moi qui dois tant à Thénardier, je ne saurais pas le rejoindre dans cette ombre où il agonise et le rapporter à mon tour de la mort à la vie! Oh! je le retrouverai!—Pour retrouver Thénardier en effet, Marius eût donné un de ses bras, et, pour le tirer de la misère, tout son sang. Revoir Thénardier, rendre un service quelconque à Thénardier, lui dire: Vous ne me connaissez pas, eh bien, moi, je vous connais! je suis là! disposez de moi!—c'était le plus doux et le plus magnifique rêve de Marius.

English text

It is the same with wretchedness as with everything else. It ends by becoming bearable. It finally assumes a form, and adjusts itself. One vegetates, that is to say, one develops in a certain meagre fashion, which is, however, sufficient for life. This is the mode in which the existence of Marius Pontmercy was arranged:

He had passed the worst straits; the narrow pass was opening out a little in front of him. By dint of toil, perseverance, courage, and will, he had managed to draw from his work about seven hundred francs a year. He had learned German and English; thanks to Courfeyrac, who had put him in communication with his friend the publisher, Marius filled the modest post of utility man in the literature of the publishing house. He drew up prospectuses, translated newspapers, annotated editions, compiled biographies, etc.; net product, year in and year out, seven hundred francs. He lived on it. How? Not so badly. We will explain.

Marius occupied in the Gorbeau house, for an annual sum of thirty francs, a den minus a fireplace, called a cabinet, which contained only the most indispensable articles of furniture. This furniture belonged to him. He gave three francs a month to the old principal tenant to come and sweep his hole, and to bring him a little hot water every morning, a fresh egg, and a penny roll. He breakfasted on this egg and roll. His breakfast varied in cost from two to four sous, according as eggs were dear or cheap. At six o'clock in the evening he descended the Rue Saint-Jacques to dine at Rousseau's, opposite Basset's, the stamp-dealer's, on the corner of the Rue des Mathurins. He ate no soup. He took a six-sou plate of meat, a half-portion of vegetables for three sous, and a three-sou dessert. For three sous he got as much bread as he wished. As for wine, he drank water. When he paid at the desk where Madam Rousseau, at that period still plump and rosy majestically presided, he gave a sou to the waiter, and Madam Rousseau gave him a smile. Then he went away. For sixteen sous he had a smile and a dinner.

This Restaurant Rousseau, where so few bottles and so many water carafes were emptied, was a calming potion rather than a restaurant. It no longer exists. The proprietor had a fine nickname: he was called Rousseau the Aquatic.

Thus, breakfast four sous, dinner sixteen sous; his food cost him twenty sous a day; which made three hundred and sixty-five francs a year. Add the thirty francs for rent, and the thirty-six francs to the old woman, plus a few trifling expenses; for four hundred and fifty francs, Marius was fed, lodged, and waited on. His clothing cost him a hundred francs, his linen fifty francs, his washing fifty francs; the whole did not exceed six hundred and fifty francs. He was rich. He sometimes lent ten francs to a friend. Courfeyrac had once been able to borrow sixty francs of him. As far as fire was concerned, as Marius had no fireplace, he had "simplified matters."

Marius always had two complete suits of clothes, the one old, "for every day"; the other, brand new for special occasions. Both were black. He had but three shirts, one on his person, the second in the commode, and the third in the washerwoman's hands. He renewed them as they wore out. They were always ragged, which caused him to button his coat to the chin.

It had required years for Marius to attain to this flourishing condition. Hard years; difficult, some of them, to traverse, others to climb. Marius had not failed for a single day. He had endured everything in the way of destitution; he had done everything except contract debts. He did himself the justice to say that he had never owed any one a sou. A debt was, to him, the beginning of slavery. He even said to himself, that a creditor is worse than a master; for the master possesses only your person, a creditor possesses your dignity and can administer to it a box on the ear. Rather than borrow, he went without food. He had passed many a day fasting. Feeling that all extremes meet, and that, if one is not on one's guard, lowered fortunes may lead to baseness of soul, he kept a jealous watch on his pride. Such and such a formality or action, which, in any other situation would have appeared merely a deference to him, now seemed insipidity, and he nerved himself against it. His face wore a sort of severe flush. He was timid even to rudeness.

During all these trials he had felt himself encouraged and even uplifted, at times, by a secret force that he possessed within himself. The soul aids the body, and at certain moments, raises it. It is the only bird which bears up its own cage.

Besides his father's name, another name was graven in Marius' heart, the name of Thenardier. Marius, with his grave and enthusiastic nature, surrounded with a sort of aureole the man to whom, in his thoughts, he owed his father's life,—that intrepid sergeant who had saved the colonel amid the bullets and the cannon-balls of Waterloo. He never separated the memory of this man from the memory of his father, and he associated them in his veneration. It was a sort of worship in two steps, with the grand altar for the colonel and the lesser one for Thenardier. What redoubled the tenderness of his gratitude towards Thenardier, was the idea of the distress into which he knew that Thenardier had fallen, and which had engulfed the latter. Marius had learned at Montfermeil of the ruin and bankruptcy of the unfortunate inn-keeper. Since that time, he had made unheard-of efforts to find traces of him and to reach him in that dark abyss of misery in which Thenardier had disappeared. Marius had beaten the whole country; he had gone to Chelles, to Bondy, to Gourney, to Nogent, to Lagny. He had persisted for three years, expending in these explorations the little money which he had laid by. No one had been able to give him any news of Thenardier: he was supposed to have gone abroad. His creditors had also sought him, with less love than Marius, but with as much assiduity, and had not been able to lay their hands on him. Marius blamed himself, and was almost angry with himself for his lack of success in his researches. It was the only debt left him by the colonel, and Marius made it a matter of honor to pay it. "What," he thought, "when my father lay dying on the field of battle, did Thenardier contrive to find him amid the smoke and the grape-shot, and bear him off on his shoulders, and yet he owed him nothing, and I, who owe so much to Thenardier, cannot join him in this shadow where he is lying in the pangs of death, and in my turn bring him back from death to life! Oh! I will find him!" To find Thenardier, in fact, Marius would have given one of his arms, to rescue him from his misery, he would have sacrificed all his blood. To see Thenardier, to render Thenardier some service, to say to him: "You do not know me; well, I do know you! Here I am. Dispose of me!" This was Marius' sweetest and most magnificent dream.

CHAPTER III—MARIUS GROWN UP

At this epoch, Marius was twenty years of age. It was three years since he had left his grandfather. Both parties had remained on the same terms, without attempting to approach each other, and without seeking to see each other. Besides, what was the use of seeing each other? Marius was the brass vase, while Father Gillenormand was the iron pot.

We admit that Marius was mistaken as to his grandfather's heart. He had imagined that M. Gillenormand had never loved him, and that that crusty, harsh, and smiling old fellow who cursed, shouted, and stormed and brandished his cane, cherished for him, at the most, only that affection, which is at once slight and severe, of the dotards of comedy. Marius was in error. There are fathers who do not love their children; there exists no grandfather who does not adore his grandson. At bottom, as we have said, M. Gillenormand idolized Marius. He idolized him after his own fashion, with an accompaniment of snappishness and boxes on the ear; but, this child once gone, he felt a black void in his heart; he would allow no one to mention the child to him, and all the while secretly regretted that he was so well obeyed. At first, he hoped that this Buonapartist, this Jacobin, this terrorist, this Septembrist, would return. But the weeks passed by, years passed; to M. Gillenormand's great despair, the "blood-drinker" did not make his appearance. "I could not do otherwise than turn him out," said the grandfather to himself, and he asked himself: "If the thing were to do over again, would I do it?" His pride instantly answered "yes," but his aged head, which he shook in silence, replied sadly "no." He had his hours of depression. He missed Marius. Old men need affection as they need the sun. It is warmth. Strong as his nature was, the absence of Marius had wrought some change in him. Nothing in the world could have induced him to take a step towards "that rogue"; but he suffered. He never inquired about him, but he thought of him incessantly. He lived in the Marais in a more and more retired manner; he was still merry and violent as of old, but his merriment had a convulsive harshness, and his violences always terminated in a sort of gentle and gloomy dejection. He sometimes said: "Oh! if he only would return, what a good box on the ear I would give him!"

As for his aunt, she thought too little to love much; Marius was no longer for her much more than a vague black form; and she eventually came to occupy herself with him much less than with the cat or the paroquet which she probably had. What augmented Father Gillenormand's secret suffering was, that he locked it all up within his breast, and did not allow its existence to be divined. His sorrow was like those recently invented furnaces which consume their own smoke. It sometimes happened that officious busybodies spoke to him of Marius, and asked him: "What is your grandson doing?" "What has become of him?" The old bourgeois replied with a sigh, that he was a sad case, and giving a fillip to his cuff, if he wished to appear gay: "Monsieur le Baron de Pontmercy is practising pettifogging in some corner or other."

While the old man regretted, Marius applauded himself. As is the case with all good-hearted people, misfortune had eradicated his bitterness. He only thought of M. Gillenormand in an amiable light, but he had set his mind on not receiving anything more from the man who had been unkind to his father. This was the mitigated translation of his first indignation. Moreover, he was happy at having suffered, and at suffering still. It was for his father's sake. The hardness of his life satisfied and pleased him. He said to himself with a sort of joy that—it was certainly the least he could do; that it was an expiation;—that, had it not been for that, he would have been punished in some other way and later on for his impious indifference towards his father, and such a father! that it would not have been just that his father should have all the suffering, and he none of it; and that, in any case, what were his toils and his destitution compared with the colonel's heroic life? that, in short, the only way for him to approach his father and resemble him, was to be brave in the face of indigence, as the other had been valiant before the enemy; and that that was, no doubt, what the colonel had meant to imply by the words: "He will be worthy of it." Words which Marius continued to wear, not on his breast, since the colonel's writing had disappeared, but in his heart.

And then, on the day when his grandfather had turned him out of doors, he had been only a child, now he was a man. He felt it. Misery, we repeat, had been good for him. Poverty in youth, when it succeeds, has this magnificent property about it, that it turns the whole will towards effort, and the whole soul towards aspiration. Poverty instantly lays material life bare and renders it hideous; hence inexpressible bounds towards the ideal life. The wealthy young man has a hundred coarse and brilliant distractions, horse races, hunting, dogs, tobacco, gaming, good repasts, and all the rest of it; occupations for the baser side of the soul, at the expense of the loftier and more delicate sides. The poor young man wins his bread with difficulty; he eats; when he has eaten, he has nothing more but meditation. He goes to the spectacles which God furnishes gratis; he gazes at the sky, space, the stars, flowers, children, the humanity among which he is suffering, the creation amid which he beams. He gazes so much on humanity that he perceives its soul, he gazes upon creation to such an extent that he beholds God. He dreams, he feels himself great; he dreams on, and feels himself tender. From the egotism of the man who suffers he passes to the compassion of the man who meditates. An admirable sentiment breaks forth in him, forgetfulness of self and pity for all. As he thinks of the innumerable enjoyments which nature offers, gives, and lavishes to souls which stand open, and refuses to souls that are closed, he comes to pity, he the millionnaire of the mind, the millionnaire of money. All hatred departs from his heart, in proportion as light penetrates his spirit. And is he unhappy? No. The misery of a young man is never miserable. The first young lad who comes to hand, however poor he may be, with his strength, his health, his rapid walk, his brilliant eyes, his warmly circulating blood, his black hair, his red lips, his white teeth, his pure breath, will always arouse the envy of an aged emperor. And then, every morning, he sets himself afresh to the task of earning his bread; and while his hands earn his bread, his dorsal column gains pride, his brain gathers ideas. His task finished, he returns to ineffable ecstasies, to contemplation, to joys; he beholds his feet set in afflictions, in obstacles, on the pavement, in the nettles, sometimes in the mire; his head in the light. He is firm serene, gentle, peaceful, attentive, serious, content with little, kindly; and he thanks God for having bestowed on him those two forms of riches which many a rich man lacks: work, which makes him free; and thought, which makes him dignified.

This is what had happened with Marius. To tell the truth, he inclined a little too much to the side of contemplation. From the day when he had succeeded in earning his living with some approach to certainty, he had stopped, thinking it good to be poor, and retrenching time from his work to give to thought; that is to say, he sometimes passed entire days in meditation, absorbed, engulfed, like a visionary, in the mute voluptuousness of ecstasy and inward radiance. He had thus propounded the problem of his life: to toil as little as possible at material labor, in order to toil as much as possible at the labor which is impalpable; in other words, to bestow a few hours on real life, and to cast the rest to the infinite. As he believed that he lacked nothing, he did not perceive that contemplation, thus understood, ends by becoming one of the forms of idleness; that he was contenting himself with conquering the first necessities of life, and that he was resting from his labors too soon.

It was evident that, for this energetic and enthusiastic nature, this could only be a transitory state, and that, at the first shock against the inevitable complications of destiny, Marius would awaken.

In the meantime, although he was a lawyer, and whatever Father Gillenormand thought about the matter, he was not practising, he was not even pettifogging. Meditation had turned him aside from pleading. To haunt attorneys, to follow the court, to hunt up cases—what a bore! Why should he do it? He saw no reason for changing the manner of gaining his livelihood! The obscure and ill-paid publishing establishment had come to mean for him a sure source of work which did not involve too much labor, as we have explained, and which sufficed for his wants.

One of the publishers for whom he worked, M. Magimel, I think, offered to take him into his own house, to lodge him well, to furnish him with regular occupation, and to give him fifteen hundred francs a year. To be well lodged! Fifteen hundred francs! No doubt. But renounce his liberty! Be on fixed wages! A sort of hired man of letters! According to Marius' opinion, if he accepted, his position would become both better and worse at the same time, he acquired comfort, and lost his dignity; it was a fine and complete unhappiness converted into a repulsive and ridiculous state of torture: something like the case of a blind man who should recover the sight of one eye. He refused.

Marius dwelt in solitude. Owing to his taste for remaining outside of everything, and through having been too much alarmed, he had not entered decidedly into the group presided over by Enjolras. They had remained good friends; they were ready to assist each other on occasion in every possible way; but nothing more. Marius had two friends: one young, Courfeyrac; and one old, M. Mabeuf. He inclined more to the old man. In the first place, he owed to him the revolution which had taken place within him; to him he was indebted for having known and loved his father. "He operated on me for a cataract," he said.

The churchwarden had certainly played a decisive part.

It was not, however, that M. Mabeuf had been anything but the calm and impassive agent of Providence in this connection. He had enlightened Marius by chance and without being aware of the fact, as does a candle which some one brings; he had been the candle and not the some one.

As for Marius' inward political revolution, M. Mabeuf was totally incapable of comprehending it, of willing or of directing it.

As we shall see M. Mabeuf again, later on, a few words will not be superfluous.