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− | Les | + | Les Misérables, Volume 2: Cosette, Book 1st: Waterloo, Chapter 2: Hougomont<br /> |
− | (Tome | + | (Tome 1: Cosette, Livre premièr: Waterloo, Chapitre 2: Hougomont) |
==General notes on this chapter== | ==General notes on this chapter== | ||
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Bauduin tué, Foy blessé, l'incendie, le massacre, le carnage, un ruisseau fait de sang anglais, de sang allemand et de sang français, furieusement mêlés, un puits comblé de cadavres, le régiment de Nassau et le régiment de Brunswick détruits, Duplat tué, Blackman tué, les gardes anglaises mutilées, vingt bataillons français, sur les quarante du corps de Reille, décimés, trois mille hommes, dans cette seule masure de Hougomont, sabrés, écharpés, égorgés, fusillés, brûlés; et tout cela pour qu'aujourd'hui un paysan dise à un voyageur: Monsieur, donnez-moi trois francs; si vous aimez, je vous expliquerai la chose de Waterloo! | Bauduin tué, Foy blessé, l'incendie, le massacre, le carnage, un ruisseau fait de sang anglais, de sang allemand et de sang français, furieusement mêlés, un puits comblé de cadavres, le régiment de Nassau et le régiment de Brunswick détruits, Duplat tué, Blackman tué, les gardes anglaises mutilées, vingt bataillons français, sur les quarante du corps de Reille, décimés, trois mille hommes, dans cette seule masure de Hougomont, sabrés, écharpés, égorgés, fusillés, brûlés; et tout cela pour qu'aujourd'hui un paysan dise à un voyageur: Monsieur, donnez-moi trois francs; si vous aimez, je vous expliquerai la chose de Waterloo! | ||
+ | ==English text== | ||
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+ | Hougomont,—this was a funereal spot, the beginning of the obstacle, the first resistance, which that great wood-cutter of Europe, called Napoleon, encountered at Waterloo, the first knot under the blows of his axe. | ||
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+ | It was a château; it is no longer anything but a farm. For the antiquary, Hougomont is Hugomons. This manor was built by Hugo, Sire of Somerel, the same who endowed the sixth chaplaincy of the Abbey of Villiers. | ||
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+ | The traveller pushed open the door, elbowed an ancient calash under the porch, and entered the courtyard. | ||
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+ | The first thing which struck him in this paddock was a door of the sixteenth century, which here simulates an arcade, everything else having fallen prostrate around it. A monumental aspect often has its birth in ruin. In a wall near the arcade opens another arched door, of the time of Henry IV., permitting a glimpse of the trees of an orchard; beside this door, a manure-hole, some pickaxes, some shovels, some carts, an old well, with its flagstone and its iron reel, a chicken jumping, and a turkey spreading its tail, a chapel surmounted by a small bell-tower, a blossoming pear-tree trained in espalier against the wall of the chapel—behold the court, the conquest of which was one of Napoleon’s dreams. This corner of earth, could he but have seized it, would, perhaps, have given him the world likewise. Chickens are scattering its dust abroad with their beaks. A growl is audible; it is a huge dog, who shows his teeth and replaces the English. | ||
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+ | The English behaved admirably there. Cooke’s four companies of guards there held out for seven hours against the fury of an army. | ||
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+ | Hougomont viewed on the map, as a geometrical plan, comprising buildings and enclosures, presents a sort of irregular rectangle, one angle of which is nicked out. It is this angle which contains the southern door, guarded by this wall, which commands it only a gun’s length away. Hougomont has two doors,—the southern door, that of the château; and the northern door, belonging to the farm. Napoleon sent his brother Jérôme against Hougomont; the divisions of Foy, Guilleminot, and Bachelu hurled themselves against it; nearly the entire corps of Reille was employed against it, and miscarried; Kellermann’s balls were exhausted on this heroic section of wall. Bauduin’s brigade was not strong enough to force Hougomont on the north, and the brigade of Soye could not do more than effect the beginning of a breach on the south, but without taking it. | ||
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+ | The farm buildings border the courtyard on the south. A bit of the north door, broken by the French, hangs suspended to the wall. It consists of four planks nailed to two cross-beams, on which the scars of the attack are visible. | ||
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+ | The northern door, which was beaten in by the French, and which has had a piece applied to it to replace the panel suspended on the wall, stands half-open at the bottom of the paddock; it is cut squarely in the wall, built of stone below, of brick above which closes in the courtyard on the north. It is a simple door for carts, such as exist in all farms, with the two large leaves made of rustic planks: beyond lie the meadows. The dispute over this entrance was furious. For a long time, all sorts of imprints of bloody hands were visible on the door-posts. It was there that Bauduin was killed. | ||
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+ | The storm of the combat still lingers in this courtyard; its horror is visible there; the confusion of the fray was petrified there; it lives and it dies there; it was only yesterday. The walls are in the death agony, the stones fall; the breaches cry aloud; the holes are wounds; the drooping, quivering trees seem to be making an effort to flee. | ||
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+ | This courtyard was more built up in 1815 than it is to-day. Buildings which have since been pulled down then formed redans and angles. | ||
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+ | The English barricaded themselves there; the French made their way in, but could not stand their ground. Beside the chapel, one wing of the château, the only ruin now remaining of the manor of Hougomont, rises in a crumbling state,—disembowelled, one might say. The château served for a dungeon, the chapel for a block-house. There men exterminated each other. The French, fired on from every point,—from behind the walls, from the summits of the garrets, from the depths of the cellars, through all the casements, through all the air-holes, through every crack in the stones,—fetched fagots and set fire to walls and men; the reply to the grape-shot was a conflagration. | ||
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+ | In the ruined wing, through windows garnished with bars of iron, the dismantled chambers of the main building of brick are visible; the English guards were in ambush in these rooms; the spiral of the staircase, cracked from the ground floor to the very roof, appears like the inside of a broken shell. The staircase has two stories; the English, besieged on the staircase, and massed on its upper steps, had cut off the lower steps. These consisted of large slabs of blue stone, which form a heap among the nettles. Half a score of steps still cling to the wall; on the first is cut the figure of a trident. These inaccessible steps are solid in their niches. All the rest resembles a jaw which has been denuded of its teeth. There are two old trees there: one is dead; the other is wounded at its base, and is clothed with verdure in April. Since 1815 it has taken to growing through the staircase. | ||
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+ | A massacre took place in the chapel. The interior, which has recovered its calm, is singular. The mass has not been said there since the carnage. Nevertheless, the altar has been left there—an altar of unpolished wood, placed against a background of roughhewn stone. Four whitewashed walls, a door opposite the altar, two small arched windows; over the door a large wooden crucifix, below the crucifix a square air-hole stopped up with a bundle of hay; on the ground, in one corner, an old window-frame with the glass all broken to pieces—such is the chapel. Near the altar there is nailed up a wooden statue of Saint Anne, of the fifteenth century; the head of the infant Jesus has been carried off by a large ball. The French, who were masters of the chapel for a moment, and were then dislodged, set fire to it. The flames filled this building; it was a perfect furnace; the door was burned, the floor was burned, the wooden Christ was not burned. The fire preyed upon his feet, of which only the blackened stumps are now to be seen; then it stopped,—a miracle, according to the assertion of the people of the neighborhood. The infant Jesus, decapitated, was less fortunate than the Christ. | ||
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+ | The walls are covered with inscriptions. Near the feet of Christ this name is to be read: Henquinez. Then these others: Conde de Rio Maior Marques y Marquesa de Almagro (Habana). There are French names with exclamation points,—a sign of wrath. The wall was freshly whitewashed in 1849. The nations insulted each other there. | ||
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+ | It was at the door of this chapel that the corpse was picked up which held an axe in its hand; this corpse was Sub-Lieutenant Legros. | ||
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+ | On emerging from the chapel, a well is visible on the left. There are two in this courtyard. One inquires, Why is there no bucket and pulley to this? It is because water is no longer drawn there. Why is water not drawn there? Because it is full of skeletons. | ||
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+ | The last person who drew water from the well was named Guillaume van Kylsom. He was a peasant who lived at Hougomont, and was gardener there. On the 18th of June, 1815, his family fled and concealed themselves in the woods. | ||
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+ | The forest surrounding the Abbey of Villiers sheltered these unfortunate people who had been scattered abroad, for many days and nights. There are at this day certain traces recognizable, such as old boles of burned trees, which mark the site of these poor bivouacs trembling in the depths of the thickets. | ||
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+ | Guillaume van Kylsom remained at Hougomont, “to guard the château,” and concealed himself in the cellar. The English discovered him there. They tore him from his hiding-place, and the combatants forced this frightened man to serve them, by administering blows with the flats of their swords. They were thirsty; this Guillaume brought them water. It was from this well that he drew it. Many drank there their last draught. This well where drank so many of the dead was destined to die itself. | ||
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+ | After the engagement, they were in haste to bury the dead bodies. Death has a fashion of harassing victory, and she causes the pest to follow glory. The typhus is a concomitant of triumph. This well was deep, and it was turned into a sepulchre. Three hundred dead bodies were cast into it. With too much haste perhaps. Were they all dead? Legend says they were not. It seems that on the night succeeding the interment, feeble voices were heard calling from the well. | ||
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+ | This well is isolated in the middle of the courtyard. Three walls, part stone, part brick, and simulating a small, square tower, and folded like the leaves of a screen, surround it on all sides. The fourth side is open. It is there that the water was drawn. The wall at the bottom has a sort of shapeless loophole, possibly the hole made by a shell. This little tower had a platform, of which only the beams remain. The iron supports of the well on the right form a cross. On leaning over, the eye is lost in a deep cylinder of brick which is filled with a heaped-up mass of shadows. The base of the walls all about the well is concealed in a growth of nettles. | ||
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+ | This well has not in front of it that large blue slab which forms the table for all wells in Belgium. The slab has here been replaced by a cross-beam, against which lean five or six shapeless fragments of knotty and petrified wood which resemble huge bones. There is no longer either pail, chain, or pulley; but there is still the stone basin which served the overflow. The rain-water collects there, and from time to time a bird of the neighboring forests comes thither to drink, and then flies away. One house in this ruin, the farmhouse, is still inhabited. The door of this house opens on the courtyard. Upon this door, beside a pretty Gothic lock-plate, there is an iron handle with trefoils placed slanting. At the moment when the Hanoverian lieutenant, Wilda, grasped this handle in order to take refuge in the farm, a French sapper hewed off his hand with an axe. | ||
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+ | The family who occupy the house had for their grandfather Guillaume van Kylsom, the old gardener, dead long since. A woman with gray hair said to us: “I was there. I was three years old. My sister, who was older, was terrified and wept. They carried us off to the woods. I went there in my mother’s arms. We glued our ears to the earth to hear. I imitated the cannon, and went boum! boum!” | ||
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+ | A door opening from the courtyard on the left led into the orchard, so we were told. The orchard is terrible. | ||
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+ | It is in three parts; one might almost say, in three acts. The first part is a garden, the second is an orchard, the third is a wood. These three parts have a common enclosure: on the side of the entrance, the buildings of the château and the farm; on the left, a hedge; on the right, a wall; and at the end, a wall. The wall on the right is of brick, the wall at the bottom is of stone. One enters the garden first. It slopes downwards, is planted with gooseberry bushes, choked with a wild growth of vegetation, and terminated by a monumental terrace of cut stone, with balustrade with a double curve. | ||
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+ | It was a seignorial garden in the first French style which preceded Le Nôtre; to-day it is ruins and briars. The pilasters are surmounted by globes which resemble cannon-balls of stone. Forty-three balusters can still be counted on their sockets; the rest lie prostrate in the grass. Almost all bear scratches of bullets. One broken baluster is placed on the pediment like a fractured leg. | ||
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+ | It was in this garden, further down than the orchard, that six light-infantry men of the 1st, having made their way thither, and being unable to escape, hunted down and caught like bears in their dens, accepted the combat with two Hanoverian companies, one of which was armed with carbines. The Hanoverians lined this balustrade and fired from above. The infantry men, replying from below, six against two hundred, intrepid and with no shelter save the currant-bushes, took a quarter of an hour to die. | ||
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+ | One mounts a few steps and passes from the garden into the orchard, properly speaking. There, within the limits of those few square fathoms, fifteen hundred men fell in less than an hour. The wall seems ready to renew the combat. Thirty-eight loopholes, pierced by the English at irregular heights, are there still. In front of the sixth are placed two English tombs of granite. There are loopholes only in the south wall, as the principal attack came from that quarter. The wall is hidden on the outside by a tall hedge; the French came up, thinking that they had to deal only with a hedge, crossed it, and found the wall both an obstacle and an ambuscade, with the English guards behind it, the thirty-eight loopholes firing at once a shower of grape-shot and balls, and Soye’s brigade was broken against it. Thus Waterloo began. | ||
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+ | Nevertheless, the orchard was taken. As they had no ladders, the French scaled it with their nails. They fought hand to hand amid the trees. All this grass has been soaked in blood. A battalion of Nassau, seven hundred strong, was overwhelmed there. The outside of the wall, against which Kellermann’s two batteries were trained, is gnawed by grape-shot. | ||
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+ | This orchard is sentient, like others, in the month of May. It has its buttercups and its daisies; the grass is tall there; the cart-horses browse there; cords of hair, on which linen is drying, traverse the spaces between the trees and force the passer-by to bend his head; one walks over this uncultivated land, and one’s foot dives into mole-holes. In the middle of the grass one observes an uprooted tree-bole which lies there all verdant. Major Blackmann leaned against it to die. Beneath a great tree in the neighborhood fell the German general, Duplat, descended from a French family which fled on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. An aged and falling apple-tree leans far over to one side, its wound dressed with a bandage of straw and of clayey loam. Nearly all the apple-trees are falling with age. There is not one which has not had its bullet or its biscayan.6 The skeletons of dead trees abound in this orchard. Crows fly through their branches, and at the end of it is a wood full of violets. | ||
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+ | Bauduin killed, Foy wounded, conflagration, massacre, carnage, a rivulet formed of English blood, French blood, German blood mingled in fury, a well crammed with corpses, the regiment of Nassau and the regiment of Brunswick destroyed, Duplat killed, Blackmann killed, the English Guards mutilated, twenty French battalions, besides the forty from Reille’s corps, decimated, three thousand men in that hovel of Hougomont alone cut down, slashed to pieces, shot, burned, with their throats cut,—and all this so that a peasant can say to-day to the traveller: Monsieur, give me three francs, and if you like, I will explain to you the affair of Waterloo! | ||
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==Translation notes== | ==Translation notes== | ||
==Textual notes== | ==Textual notes== | ||
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==Citations== | ==Citations== | ||
<references /> | <references /> |
Latest revision as of 23:29, 12 November 2018
Les Misérables, Volume 2: Cosette, Book 1st: Waterloo, Chapter 2: Hougomont
(Tome 1: Cosette, Livre premièr: Waterloo, Chapitre 2: Hougomont)
Contents
General notes on this chapter[edit]
French text[edit]
Hougomont, ce fut là un lieu funèbre, le commencement de l'obstacle, la première résistance que rencontra à Waterloo ce grand bûcheron de l'Europe qu'on appelait Napoléon; le premier nœud sous le coup de hache.
C'était un château, ce n'est plus qu'une ferme. Hougomont, pour l'antiquaire, c'est Hugomons. Ce manoir fut bâti par Hugo, sire de Somerel, le même qui dota la sixième chapellenie de l'abbaye de Villers.
Le passant poussa la porte, coudoya sous un porche une vieille calèche, et entra dans la cour.
La première chose qui le frappa dans ce préau, ce fut une porte du seizième siècle qui y simule une arcade, tout étant tombé autour d'elle. L'aspect monumental naît souvent de la ruine. Auprès de l'arcade s'ouvre dans un mur une autre porte avec claveaux du temps de Henri IV, laissant voir les arbres d'un verger. À côté de cette porte un trou à fumier, des pioches et des pelles, quelques charrettes, un vieux puits avec sa dalle et son tourniquet de fer, un poulain qui saute, un dindon qui fait la roue, une chapelle que surmonte un petit clocher, un poirier en fleur en espalier sur le mur de la chapelle, voilà cette cour dont la conquête fut un rêve de Napoléon. Ce coin de terre, s'il eût pu le prendre, lui eût peut-être donné le monde. Des poules y éparpillent du bec la poussière. On entend un grondement; c'est un gros chien qui montre les dents et qui remplace les Anglais.
Les Anglais là ont été admirables. Les quatre compagnies des gardes de Cooke y ont tenu tête pendant sept heures à l'achar-nement d'une armée.
Hougomont, vu sur la carte, en plan géométral, bâtiments et enclos compris, présente une espèce de rectangle irrégulier dont un angle aurait été entaillé. C'est à cet angle qu'est la porte méridionale, gardée par ce mur qui la fusille à bout portant. Hougomont a deux portes: la porte méridionale, celle du château, et la porte septentrionale, celle de la ferme. Napoléon envoya contre Hougomont son frère Jérôme; les divisions Guilleminot, Foy et Bachelu s'y heurtèrent, presque tout le corps de Reille y fut employé et y échoua, les boulets de Kellermann s'épuisèrent sur cet héroïque pan de mur. Ce ne fut pas trop de la brigade Bauduin pour forcer Hougomont au nord, et la brigade Soye ne put que l'entamer au sud, sans le prendre.
Les bâtiments de la ferme bordent la cour au sud. Un morceau de la porte nord, brisée par les Français, pend accroché au mur. Ce sont quatre planches clouées sur deux traverses, et où l'on distingue les balafres de l'attaque.
La porte septentrionale, enfoncée par les Français, et à laquelle on a mis une pièce pour remplacer le panneau suspendu à la muraille, s'entre-bâille au fond du préau; elle est coupée carrément dans un mur, de pierre en bas, de brique en haut, qui ferme la cour au nord. C'est une simple porte charretière comme il y en a dans toutes les métairies, deux larges battants faits de planches rustiques; au delà, des prairies. La dispute de cette entrée a été furieuse. On a longtemps vu sur le montant de la porte toutes sortes d'empreintes de mains sanglantes. C'est là que Bauduin fut tué.
L'orage du combat est encore dans cette cour; l'horreur y est visible; le bouleversement de la mêlée s'y est pétrifié; cela vit, cela meurt; c'était hier. Les murs agonisent, les pierres tombent, les brèches crient; les trous sont des plaies; les arbres penchés et frissonnants semblent faire effort pour s'enfuir.
Cette cour, en 1815, était plus bâtie qu'elle ne l'est aujourd'hui. Des constructions qu'on a depuis jetées bas y faisaient des redans, des angles et des coudes d'équerre.
Les Anglais s'y étaient barricadés; les Français y pénétrèrent, mais ne purent s'y maintenir. À côté de la chapelle, une aile du château, le seul débris qui reste du manoir d'Hougomont, se dresse écroulée, on pourrait dire éventrée. Le château servit de donjon, la chapelle servit de blockhaus. On s'y extermina. Les Français, arquebuses de toutes parts, de derrière les murailles, du haut des greniers, du fond des caves, par toutes les croisées, par tous les soupiraux, par toutes les fentes des pierres, apportèrent des fascines et mirent le feu aux murs et aux hommes; la mitraille eut pour réplique l'incendie.
On entrevoit dans l'aile ruinée, à travers des fenêtres garnies de barreaux de fer, les chambres démantelées d'un corps de logis en brique; les gardes anglaises étaient embusquées dans ces chambres; la spirale de l'escalier, crevassé du rez-de-chaussée jusqu'au toit, apparaît comme l'intérieur d'un coquillage brisé. L'escalier a deux étages; les Anglais, assiégés dans l'escalier, et massés sur les marches supérieures, avaient coupé les marches inférieures. Ce sont de larges dalles de pierre bleue qui font un monceau dans les orties. Une dizaine de marches tiennent encore au mur; sur la première est entaillée l'image d'un trident. Ces degrés inaccessibles sont solides dans leurs alvéoles. Tout le reste ressemble à une mâchoire édentée. Deux vieux arbres sont là; l'un est mort, l'autre est blessé au pied, et reverdit en avril. Depuis 1815, il s'est mis à pousser à travers l'escalier.
On s'est massacré dans la chapelle. Le dedans, redevenu calme, est étrange. On n'y a plus dit la messe depuis le carnage. Pourtant l'autel y est resté, un autel de bois grossier adossé à un fond de pierre brute. Quatre murs lavés au lait de chaux, une porte vis-à-vis l'autel, deux petites fenêtres cintrées, sur la porte un grand crucifix de bois, au-dessus du crucifix un soupirail carré bouché d'une botte de foin, dans un coin, à terre, un vieux châssis vitré tout cassé, telle est cette chapelle. Près de l'autel est clouée une statue en bois de sainte Anne, du quinzième siècle; la tête de l'enfant Jésus a été emportée par un biscayen. Les Français, maîtres un moment de la chapelle, puis délogés, l'ont incendiée. Les flammes ont rempli cette masure; elle a été fournaise; la porte a brûlé, le plancher a brûlé, le Christ en bois n'a pas brûlé. Le feu lui a rongé les pieds dont on ne voit plus que les moignons noircis, puis s'est arrêté. Miracle, au dire des gens du pays. L'enfant Jésus, décapité, n'a pas été aussi heureux que le Christ.
Les murs sont couverts d'inscriptions. Près des pieds du Christ on lit ce nom: Henquinez. Puis ces autres: Conde de Rio Maïor. Marques y Marquesa de Almagro (Habana). Il y a des noms français avec des points d'exclamation, signes de colère. On a reblanchi le mur en 1849. Les nations s'y insultaient.
C'est à la porte de cette chapelle qu'a été ramassé un cadavre qui tenait une hache à la main. Ce cadavre était le sous-lieutenant Legros.
On sort de la chapelle, et à gauche, on voit un puits. Il y en a deux dans cette cour. On demande: pourquoi n'y a-t-il pas de seau et de poulie à celui-ci? C'est qu'on n'y puise plus d'eau. Pourquoi n'y puise-t-on plus d'eau? Parce qu'il est plein de squelettes.
Le dernier qui ait tiré de l'eau de ce puits se nommait Guillaume Van Kylsom. C'était un paysan qui habitait Hougomont et y était jardinier. Le 18 juin 1815, sa famille prit la fuite et s'alla cacher dans les bois.
La forêt autour de l'abbaye de Villers abrita pendant plusieurs jours et plusieurs nuits toutes ces malheureuses populations dispersées. Aujourd'hui encore de certains vestiges reconnaissables, tels que de vieux troncs d'arbres brûlés, mar-quent la place de ces pauvres bivouacs tremblants au fond des halliers.
Guillaume Van Kylsom demeura à Hougomont «pour garder le château» et se blottit dans une cave. Les Anglais l'y découvrirent. On l'arracha de sa cachette, et, à coups de plat de sabre, les combattants se firent servir par cet homme effrayé. Ils avaient soif; ce Guillaume leur portait à boire. C'est à ce puits qu'il puisait l'eau. Beaucoup burent là leur dernière gorgée. Ce puits, où burent tant de morts, devait mourir lui aussi.
Après l'action, on eut une hâte, enterrer les cadavres. La mort a une façon à elle de harceler la victoire, et elle fait suivre la gloire par la peste. Le typhus est une annexe du triomphe. Ce puits était profond, on en fit un sépulcre. On y jeta trois cents morts. Peut-être avec trop d'empressement. Tous étaient-ils morts? la légende dit non. Il parait que, la nuit qui suivit l'ensevelissement, on entendit sortir du puits des voix faibles qui appelaient.
Ce puits est isolé au milieu de la cour. Trois murs mi-partis pierre et brique, repliés comme les feuilles d'un paravent et simulant une tourelle carrée, l'entourent de trois côtés. Le quatrième côté est ouvert. C'est par là qu'on puisait l'eau. Le mur du fond a une façon d'œil-de-bœuf informe, peut-être un trou d'obus. Cette tourelle avait un plafond dont il ne reste que les poutres. La ferrure de soutènement du mur de droite dessine une croix. On se penche, et l'œil se perd dans un profond cylindre de brique qu'emplit un entassement de ténèbres. Tout autour du puits, le bas des murs disparaît dans les orties.
Ce puits n'a point pour devanture la large dalle bleue qui sert de tablier à tous les puits de Belgique. La dalle bleue y est remplacée par une traverse à laquelle s'appuient cinq ou six difformes tronçons de bois noueux et ankylosés qui ressemblent à de grands ossements. Il n'a plus ni seau, ni chaîne, ni poulie; mais il a encore la cuvette de pierre qui servait de déversoir. L'eau des pluies s'y amasse, et de temps en temps un oiseau des forêts voisines vient y boire et s'envole.
Une maison dans cette ruine, la maison de la ferme, est encore habitée. La porte de cette maison donne sur la cour. À côté d'une jolie plaque de serrure gothique il y a sur cette porte une poignée de fer à trèfles, posée de biais. Au moment où le lieutenant hanovrien Wilda saisissait cette poignée pour se réfugier dans la ferme, un sapeur français lui abattit la main d'un coup de hache.
La famille qui occupe la maison a pour grand-père l'ancien jardinier Van Kylsom, mort depuis longtemps. Une femme en cheveux gris vous dit: «J'étais là. J'avais trois ans. Ma sœur, plus grande, avait peur et pleurait. On nous a emportées dans les bois. J'étais dans les bras de ma mère. On se collait l'oreille à terre pour écouter. Moi, j'imitais le canon, et je faisais boum, boum.»
Une porte de la cour, à gauche, nous l'avons dit, donne dans le verger.
Le verger est terrible.
Il est en trois parties, on pourrait presque dire en trois actes. La première partie est un jardin, la deuxième est le verger, la troisième est un bois. Ces trois parties ont une enceinte commune, du côté de l'entrée les bâtiments du château et de la ferme, à gauche une haie, à droite un mur, au fond un mur. Le mur de droite est en brique, le mur du fond est en pierre. On entre dans le jardin d'abord. Il est en contrebas, planté de groseilliers, encombré de végétations sauvages, fermé d'un terrassement monumental en pierre de taille avec balustres à double renflement. C'était un jardin seigneurial dans ce premier style français qui a précédé Lenôtre; ruine et ronce aujourd'hui. Les pilastres sont surmontés de globes qui semblent des boulets de pierre. On compte encore quarante-trois balustres sur leurs dés; les autres sont couchés dans l'herbe. Presque tous ont des éraflures de mousqueterie. Un balustre brisé est posé sur l'étrave comme une jambe cassée.
C'est dans ce jardin, plus bas que le verger, que six voltigeurs du 1er léger, ayant pénétré là et n'en pouvant plus sortir, pris et traqués comme des ours dans leur fosse, acceptèrent le combat avec deux compagnies hanovriennes, dont une était armée de carabines. Les hanovriens bordaient ces balustres et tiraient d'en haut. Ces voltigeurs, ripostant d'en bas, six contre deux cents, intrépides, n'ayant pour abri que les groseilliers, mirent un quart d'heure à mourir.
On monte quelques marches, et du jardin on passe dans le verger proprement dit. Là, dans ces quelques toises carrées, quinze cents hommes tombèrent en moins d'une heure. Le mur semble prêt à recommencer le combat. Les trente-huit meurtrières percées par les Anglais à des hauteurs irrégulières, y sont encore. Devant la seizième sont couchées deux tombes anglaises en granit. Il n'y a de meurtrières qu'au mur sud; l'attaque principale venait de là. Ce mur est caché au dehors par une grande haie vive; les Français arrivèrent, croyant n'avoir affaire qu'à la haie, la franchirent, et trouvèrent ce mur, obstacle et embuscade, les gardes anglaises derrière, les trente-huit meurtrières faisant feu à la fois, un orage de mitraille et de balles; et la brigade Soye s'y brisa. Waterloo commença ainsi.
Le verger pourtant fut pris. On n'avait pas d'échelles, les Français grimpèrent avec les ongles. On se battit corps à corps sous les arbres. Toute cette herbe a été mouillée de sang. Un bataillon de Nassau, sept cents hommes, fut foudroyé là. Au dehors le mur, contre lequel furent braquées les deux batteries de Kellermann, est rongé par la mitraille.
Ce verger est sensible comme un autre au mois de mai. Il a ses boutons d'or et ses pâquerettes, l'herbe y est haute, des chevaux de charrue y paissent, des cordes de crin où sèche du linge traversent les intervalles des arbres et font baisser la tête aux passants, on marche dans cette friche et le pied enfonce dans les trous de taupes. Au milieu de l'herbe on remarque un tronc déraciné, gisant, verdissant. Le major Blackman s'y est adossé pour expirer. Sous un grand arbre voisin est tombé le général allemand Duplat, d'une famille française réfugiée à la révocation de l'édit de Nantes. Tout à côté se penche un vieux pommier malade pansé avec un bandage de paille et de terre glaise. Presque tous les pommiers tombent de vieillesse. Il n'y en a pas un qui n'ait sa balle ou son biscaïen. Les squelettes d'arbres morts abondent dans ce verger. Les corbeaux volent dans les branches, au fond il y a un bois plein de violettes.
Bauduin tué, Foy blessé, l'incendie, le massacre, le carnage, un ruisseau fait de sang anglais, de sang allemand et de sang français, furieusement mêlés, un puits comblé de cadavres, le régiment de Nassau et le régiment de Brunswick détruits, Duplat tué, Blackman tué, les gardes anglaises mutilées, vingt bataillons français, sur les quarante du corps de Reille, décimés, trois mille hommes, dans cette seule masure de Hougomont, sabrés, écharpés, égorgés, fusillés, brûlés; et tout cela pour qu'aujourd'hui un paysan dise à un voyageur: Monsieur, donnez-moi trois francs; si vous aimez, je vous expliquerai la chose de Waterloo!
English text[edit]
Hougomont,—this was a funereal spot, the beginning of the obstacle, the first resistance, which that great wood-cutter of Europe, called Napoleon, encountered at Waterloo, the first knot under the blows of his axe.
It was a château; it is no longer anything but a farm. For the antiquary, Hougomont is Hugomons. This manor was built by Hugo, Sire of Somerel, the same who endowed the sixth chaplaincy of the Abbey of Villiers.
The traveller pushed open the door, elbowed an ancient calash under the porch, and entered the courtyard.
The first thing which struck him in this paddock was a door of the sixteenth century, which here simulates an arcade, everything else having fallen prostrate around it. A monumental aspect often has its birth in ruin. In a wall near the arcade opens another arched door, of the time of Henry IV., permitting a glimpse of the trees of an orchard; beside this door, a manure-hole, some pickaxes, some shovels, some carts, an old well, with its flagstone and its iron reel, a chicken jumping, and a turkey spreading its tail, a chapel surmounted by a small bell-tower, a blossoming pear-tree trained in espalier against the wall of the chapel—behold the court, the conquest of which was one of Napoleon’s dreams. This corner of earth, could he but have seized it, would, perhaps, have given him the world likewise. Chickens are scattering its dust abroad with their beaks. A growl is audible; it is a huge dog, who shows his teeth and replaces the English.
The English behaved admirably there. Cooke’s four companies of guards there held out for seven hours against the fury of an army.
Hougomont viewed on the map, as a geometrical plan, comprising buildings and enclosures, presents a sort of irregular rectangle, one angle of which is nicked out. It is this angle which contains the southern door, guarded by this wall, which commands it only a gun’s length away. Hougomont has two doors,—the southern door, that of the château; and the northern door, belonging to the farm. Napoleon sent his brother Jérôme against Hougomont; the divisions of Foy, Guilleminot, and Bachelu hurled themselves against it; nearly the entire corps of Reille was employed against it, and miscarried; Kellermann’s balls were exhausted on this heroic section of wall. Bauduin’s brigade was not strong enough to force Hougomont on the north, and the brigade of Soye could not do more than effect the beginning of a breach on the south, but without taking it.
The farm buildings border the courtyard on the south. A bit of the north door, broken by the French, hangs suspended to the wall. It consists of four planks nailed to two cross-beams, on which the scars of the attack are visible.
The northern door, which was beaten in by the French, and which has had a piece applied to it to replace the panel suspended on the wall, stands half-open at the bottom of the paddock; it is cut squarely in the wall, built of stone below, of brick above which closes in the courtyard on the north. It is a simple door for carts, such as exist in all farms, with the two large leaves made of rustic planks: beyond lie the meadows. The dispute over this entrance was furious. For a long time, all sorts of imprints of bloody hands were visible on the door-posts. It was there that Bauduin was killed.
The storm of the combat still lingers in this courtyard; its horror is visible there; the confusion of the fray was petrified there; it lives and it dies there; it was only yesterday. The walls are in the death agony, the stones fall; the breaches cry aloud; the holes are wounds; the drooping, quivering trees seem to be making an effort to flee.
This courtyard was more built up in 1815 than it is to-day. Buildings which have since been pulled down then formed redans and angles.
The English barricaded themselves there; the French made their way in, but could not stand their ground. Beside the chapel, one wing of the château, the only ruin now remaining of the manor of Hougomont, rises in a crumbling state,—disembowelled, one might say. The château served for a dungeon, the chapel for a block-house. There men exterminated each other. The French, fired on from every point,—from behind the walls, from the summits of the garrets, from the depths of the cellars, through all the casements, through all the air-holes, through every crack in the stones,—fetched fagots and set fire to walls and men; the reply to the grape-shot was a conflagration.
In the ruined wing, through windows garnished with bars of iron, the dismantled chambers of the main building of brick are visible; the English guards were in ambush in these rooms; the spiral of the staircase, cracked from the ground floor to the very roof, appears like the inside of a broken shell. The staircase has two stories; the English, besieged on the staircase, and massed on its upper steps, had cut off the lower steps. These consisted of large slabs of blue stone, which form a heap among the nettles. Half a score of steps still cling to the wall; on the first is cut the figure of a trident. These inaccessible steps are solid in their niches. All the rest resembles a jaw which has been denuded of its teeth. There are two old trees there: one is dead; the other is wounded at its base, and is clothed with verdure in April. Since 1815 it has taken to growing through the staircase.
A massacre took place in the chapel. The interior, which has recovered its calm, is singular. The mass has not been said there since the carnage. Nevertheless, the altar has been left there—an altar of unpolished wood, placed against a background of roughhewn stone. Four whitewashed walls, a door opposite the altar, two small arched windows; over the door a large wooden crucifix, below the crucifix a square air-hole stopped up with a bundle of hay; on the ground, in one corner, an old window-frame with the glass all broken to pieces—such is the chapel. Near the altar there is nailed up a wooden statue of Saint Anne, of the fifteenth century; the head of the infant Jesus has been carried off by a large ball. The French, who were masters of the chapel for a moment, and were then dislodged, set fire to it. The flames filled this building; it was a perfect furnace; the door was burned, the floor was burned, the wooden Christ was not burned. The fire preyed upon his feet, of which only the blackened stumps are now to be seen; then it stopped,—a miracle, according to the assertion of the people of the neighborhood. The infant Jesus, decapitated, was less fortunate than the Christ.
The walls are covered with inscriptions. Near the feet of Christ this name is to be read: Henquinez. Then these others: Conde de Rio Maior Marques y Marquesa de Almagro (Habana). There are French names with exclamation points,—a sign of wrath. The wall was freshly whitewashed in 1849. The nations insulted each other there.
It was at the door of this chapel that the corpse was picked up which held an axe in its hand; this corpse was Sub-Lieutenant Legros.
On emerging from the chapel, a well is visible on the left. There are two in this courtyard. One inquires, Why is there no bucket and pulley to this? It is because water is no longer drawn there. Why is water not drawn there? Because it is full of skeletons.
The last person who drew water from the well was named Guillaume van Kylsom. He was a peasant who lived at Hougomont, and was gardener there. On the 18th of June, 1815, his family fled and concealed themselves in the woods.
The forest surrounding the Abbey of Villiers sheltered these unfortunate people who had been scattered abroad, for many days and nights. There are at this day certain traces recognizable, such as old boles of burned trees, which mark the site of these poor bivouacs trembling in the depths of the thickets.
Guillaume van Kylsom remained at Hougomont, “to guard the château,” and concealed himself in the cellar. The English discovered him there. They tore him from his hiding-place, and the combatants forced this frightened man to serve them, by administering blows with the flats of their swords. They were thirsty; this Guillaume brought them water. It was from this well that he drew it. Many drank there their last draught. This well where drank so many of the dead was destined to die itself.
After the engagement, they were in haste to bury the dead bodies. Death has a fashion of harassing victory, and she causes the pest to follow glory. The typhus is a concomitant of triumph. This well was deep, and it was turned into a sepulchre. Three hundred dead bodies were cast into it. With too much haste perhaps. Were they all dead? Legend says they were not. It seems that on the night succeeding the interment, feeble voices were heard calling from the well.
This well is isolated in the middle of the courtyard. Three walls, part stone, part brick, and simulating a small, square tower, and folded like the leaves of a screen, surround it on all sides. The fourth side is open. It is there that the water was drawn. The wall at the bottom has a sort of shapeless loophole, possibly the hole made by a shell. This little tower had a platform, of which only the beams remain. The iron supports of the well on the right form a cross. On leaning over, the eye is lost in a deep cylinder of brick which is filled with a heaped-up mass of shadows. The base of the walls all about the well is concealed in a growth of nettles.
This well has not in front of it that large blue slab which forms the table for all wells in Belgium. The slab has here been replaced by a cross-beam, against which lean five or six shapeless fragments of knotty and petrified wood which resemble huge bones. There is no longer either pail, chain, or pulley; but there is still the stone basin which served the overflow. The rain-water collects there, and from time to time a bird of the neighboring forests comes thither to drink, and then flies away. One house in this ruin, the farmhouse, is still inhabited. The door of this house opens on the courtyard. Upon this door, beside a pretty Gothic lock-plate, there is an iron handle with trefoils placed slanting. At the moment when the Hanoverian lieutenant, Wilda, grasped this handle in order to take refuge in the farm, a French sapper hewed off his hand with an axe.
The family who occupy the house had for their grandfather Guillaume van Kylsom, the old gardener, dead long since. A woman with gray hair said to us: “I was there. I was three years old. My sister, who was older, was terrified and wept. They carried us off to the woods. I went there in my mother’s arms. We glued our ears to the earth to hear. I imitated the cannon, and went boum! boum!”
A door opening from the courtyard on the left led into the orchard, so we were told. The orchard is terrible.
It is in three parts; one might almost say, in three acts. The first part is a garden, the second is an orchard, the third is a wood. These three parts have a common enclosure: on the side of the entrance, the buildings of the château and the farm; on the left, a hedge; on the right, a wall; and at the end, a wall. The wall on the right is of brick, the wall at the bottom is of stone. One enters the garden first. It slopes downwards, is planted with gooseberry bushes, choked with a wild growth of vegetation, and terminated by a monumental terrace of cut stone, with balustrade with a double curve.
It was a seignorial garden in the first French style which preceded Le Nôtre; to-day it is ruins and briars. The pilasters are surmounted by globes which resemble cannon-balls of stone. Forty-three balusters can still be counted on their sockets; the rest lie prostrate in the grass. Almost all bear scratches of bullets. One broken baluster is placed on the pediment like a fractured leg.
It was in this garden, further down than the orchard, that six light-infantry men of the 1st, having made their way thither, and being unable to escape, hunted down and caught like bears in their dens, accepted the combat with two Hanoverian companies, one of which was armed with carbines. The Hanoverians lined this balustrade and fired from above. The infantry men, replying from below, six against two hundred, intrepid and with no shelter save the currant-bushes, took a quarter of an hour to die.
One mounts a few steps and passes from the garden into the orchard, properly speaking. There, within the limits of those few square fathoms, fifteen hundred men fell in less than an hour. The wall seems ready to renew the combat. Thirty-eight loopholes, pierced by the English at irregular heights, are there still. In front of the sixth are placed two English tombs of granite. There are loopholes only in the south wall, as the principal attack came from that quarter. The wall is hidden on the outside by a tall hedge; the French came up, thinking that they had to deal only with a hedge, crossed it, and found the wall both an obstacle and an ambuscade, with the English guards behind it, the thirty-eight loopholes firing at once a shower of grape-shot and balls, and Soye’s brigade was broken against it. Thus Waterloo began.
Nevertheless, the orchard was taken. As they had no ladders, the French scaled it with their nails. They fought hand to hand amid the trees. All this grass has been soaked in blood. A battalion of Nassau, seven hundred strong, was overwhelmed there. The outside of the wall, against which Kellermann’s two batteries were trained, is gnawed by grape-shot.
This orchard is sentient, like others, in the month of May. It has its buttercups and its daisies; the grass is tall there; the cart-horses browse there; cords of hair, on which linen is drying, traverse the spaces between the trees and force the passer-by to bend his head; one walks over this uncultivated land, and one’s foot dives into mole-holes. In the middle of the grass one observes an uprooted tree-bole which lies there all verdant. Major Blackmann leaned against it to die. Beneath a great tree in the neighborhood fell the German general, Duplat, descended from a French family which fled on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. An aged and falling apple-tree leans far over to one side, its wound dressed with a bandage of straw and of clayey loam. Nearly all the apple-trees are falling with age. There is not one which has not had its bullet or its biscayan.6 The skeletons of dead trees abound in this orchard. Crows fly through their branches, and at the end of it is a wood full of violets.
Bauduin killed, Foy wounded, conflagration, massacre, carnage, a rivulet formed of English blood, French blood, German blood mingled in fury, a well crammed with corpses, the regiment of Nassau and the regiment of Brunswick destroyed, Duplat killed, Blackmann killed, the English Guards mutilated, twenty French battalions, besides the forty from Reille’s corps, decimated, three thousand men in that hovel of Hougomont alone cut down, slashed to pieces, shot, burned, with their throats cut,—and all this so that a peasant can say to-day to the traveller: Monsieur, give me three francs, and if you like, I will explain to you the affair of Waterloo!