Difference between revisions of "Volume 1/Book 4/Chapter 1"

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Les Mis&eacute;rables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book fourth: To Confide is Sometimes to Deliver into a Person's Power, Chapter 1: One Mother Meets Another Mother<br />
 
Les Mis&eacute;rables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book fourth: To Confide is Sometimes to Deliver into a Person's Power, Chapter 1: One Mother Meets Another Mother<br />
(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre 4i&egrave;me: Confier, c'est quelquefois livrer, Chapitre 1: Une mère qui en rencontre un autre)
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(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre quatri&egrave;me: Confier, c'est quelquefois livrer, Chapitre 1: Une mère qui en rencontre un autre)
  
 
==General notes on this chapter==
 
==General notes on this chapter==
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==English text==
 
==English text==
  
There was, at Montfermeil, near Paris, during the first quarter of this century, a sort of cook-shop which no longer exists. This cook-shop was kept by some people named Thenardier, husband and wife. It was situated in Boulanger Lane. Over the door there was a board nailed flat against the wall. Upon this board was painted something which resembled a man carrying another man on his back, the latter wearing the big gilt epaulettes of a general, with large silver stars; red spots represented blood; the rest of the picture consisted of smoke, and probably represented a battle. Below ran this inscription: AT THE SIGN OF SERGEANT OF WATERLOO (Au Sargent de Waterloo).
+
There was, at Montfermeil, near Paris, during the first quarter of this century, a sort of cook-shop which no longer exists. This cook-shop was kept by some people named Thenardier, husband and wife. It was situated in Boulanger Lane. Over the door there was a board nailed flat against the wall. Upon this board was painted something which resembled a man carrying another man on his back, the latter wearing the big gilt epaulettes of a general, with large silver stars; red spots represented blood; the rest of the picture consisted of smoke, and probably represented a battle. Below ran this inscription: AT THE SIGN OF SERGEANT OF WATERLOO (Au Sargent de Waterloo).
  
 
Nothing is more common than a cart or a truck at the door of a hostelry. Nevertheless, the vehicle, or, to speak more accurately, the fragment of a vehicle, which encumbered the street in front of the cook-shop of the Sergeant of Waterloo, one evening in the spring of 1818, would certainly have attracted, by its mass, the attention of any painter who had passed that way.
 
Nothing is more common than a cart or a truck at the door of a hostelry. Nevertheless, the vehicle, or, to speak more accurately, the fragment of a vehicle, which encumbered the street in front of the cook-shop of the Sergeant of Waterloo, one evening in the spring of 1818, would certainly have attracted, by its mass, the attention of any painter who had passed that way.
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As she rocked her little ones, the mother hummed in a discordant voice a romance then celebrated:—
 
As she rocked her little ones, the mother hummed in a discordant voice a romance then celebrated:—
  
                "It must be, said a warrior."
+
"It must be, said a warrior."
  
 
Her song, and the contemplation of her daughters, prevented her hearing and seeing what was going on in the street.
 
Her song, and the contemplation of her daughters, prevented her hearing and seeing what was going on in the street.
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"You have two beautiful children there, Madame."
 
"You have two beautiful children there, Madame."
  
                "To the fair and tender Imogene—"
+
"To the fair and tender Imogene—"
  
 
replied the mother, continuing her romance; then she turned her head.
 
replied the mother, continuing her romance; then she turned her head.
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Then, her mind still running on her romance, she resumed humming between her teeth:—
 
Then, her mind still running on her romance, she resumed humming between her teeth:—
  
                "It must be so; I am a knight,
+
"It must be so; I am a knight,
                  And I am off to Palestine."
+
And I am off to Palestine."
  
 
This Madame Thenardier was a sandy-complexioned woman, thin and angular—the type of the soldier's wife in all its unpleasantness; and what was odd, with a languishing air, which she owed to her perusal of romances. She was a simpering, but masculine creature. Old romances produce that effect when rubbed against the imagination of cook-shop woman. She was still young; she was barely thirty. If this crouching woman had stood upright, her lofty stature and her frame of a perambulating colossus suitable for fairs, might have frightened the traveller at the outset, troubled her confidence, and disturbed what caused what we have to relate to vanish. A person who is seated instead of standing erect—destinies hang upon such a thing as that.
 
This Madame Thenardier was a sandy-complexioned woman, thin and angular—the type of the soldier's wife in all its unpleasantness; and what was odd, with a languishing air, which she owed to her perusal of romances. She was a simpering, but masculine creature. Old romances produce that effect when rubbed against the imagination of cook-shop woman. She was still young; she was barely thirty. If this crouching woman had stood upright, her lofty stature and her frame of a perambulating colossus suitable for fairs, might have frightened the traveller at the outset, troubled her confidence, and disturbed what caused what we have to relate to vanish. A person who is seated instead of standing erect—destinies hang upon such a thing as that.
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"Total, fifty-seven francs," said Madame Thenardier. And she hummed vaguely, with these figures:—
 
"Total, fifty-seven francs," said Madame Thenardier. And she hummed vaguely, with these figures:—
  
                "It must be, said a warrior."
+
"It must be, said a warrior."
  
 
"I will pay it," said the mother. "I have eighty francs. I shall have enough left to reach the country, by travelling on foot. I shall earn money there, and as soon as I have a little I will return for my darling."
 
"I will pay it," said the mother. "I have eighty francs. I shall have enough left to reach the country, by travelling on foot. I shall earn money there, and as soon as I have a little I will return for my darling."
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"That will serve to pay my note for one hundred and ten francs which falls due to-morrow; I lacked fifty francs. Do you know that I should have had a bailiff and a protest after me? You played the mouse-trap nicely with your young ones."
 
"That will serve to pay my note for one hundred and ten francs which falls due to-morrow; I lacked fifty francs. Do you know that I should have had a bailiff and a protest after me? You played the mouse-trap nicely with your young ones."
  
"Without suspecting it," said the woman.  
+
"Without suspecting it," said the woman.
  
 
==Translation notes==
 
==Translation notes==

Latest revision as of 13:18, 19 March 2014

Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book fourth: To Confide is Sometimes to Deliver into a Person's Power, Chapter 1: One Mother Meets Another Mother
(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre quatrième: Confier, c'est quelquefois livrer, Chapitre 1: Une mère qui en rencontre un autre)

General notes on this chapter[edit]

French text[edit]

Il y avait, dans le premier quart de ce siècle, à Montfermeil, près de Paris, une façon de gargote qui n'existe plus aujourd'hui. Cette gargote était tenue par des gens appelés Thénardier, mari et femme. Elle était située dans la ruelle du Boulanger. On voyait au-dessus de la porte une planche clouée à plat sur le mur. Sur cette planche était peint quelque chose qui ressemblait à un homme portant sur son dos un autre homme, lequel avait de grosses épaulettes de général dorées avec de larges étoiles argentées; des taches rouges figuraient du sang; le reste du tableau était de la fumée et représentait probablement une bataille. Au bas on lisait cette inscription: Au Sergent de Waterloo.

Rien n'est plus ordinaire qu'un tombereau ou une charrette à la porte d'une auberge. Cependant le véhicule ou, pour mieux dire, le fragment de véhicule qui encombrait la rue devant la gargote du Sergent de Waterloo, un soir du printemps de 1818, eût certainement attiré par sa masse l'attention d'un peintre qui eût passé là.

C'était l'avant-train d'un de ces fardiers, usités dans les pays de forêts, et qui servent à charrier des madriers et des troncs d'arbres. Cet avant-train se composait d'un massif essieu de fer à pivot où s'emboîtait un lourd timon, et que supportaient deux roues démesurées. Tout cet ensemble était trapu, écrasant et difforme. On eût dit l'affût d'un canon géant. Les ornières avaient donné aux roues, aux jantes, aux moyeux, à l'essieu et au timon, une couche de vase, hideux badigeonnage jaunâtre assez semblable à celui dont on orne volontiers les cathédrales. Le bois disparaissait sous la boue et le fer sous la rouille. Sous l'essieu pendait en draperie une grosse chaîne digne de Goliath forçat. Cette chaîne faisait songer, non aux poutres qu'elle avait fonction de transporter, mais aux mastodontes et aux mammons qu'elle eût pu atteler; elle avait un air de bagne, mais de bagne cyclopéen et surhumain, et elle semblait détachée de quelque monstre. Homère y eût lié Polyphème et Shakespeare Caliban.

Pourquoi cet avant-train de fardier était-il à cette place dans la rue? D'abord, pour encombrer la rue; ensuite pour achever de se rouiller. Il y a dans le vieil ordre social une foule d'institutions qu'on trouve de la sorte sur son passage en plein air et qui n'ont pas pour être là d'autres raisons.

Le centre de la chaîne pendait sous l'essieu assez près de terre, et sur la courbure, comme sur la corde d'une balançoire, étaient assises et groupées, ce soir-là, dans un entrelacement exquis, deux petites filles, l'une d'environ deux ans et demi, l'autre de dix-huit mois, la plus petite dans les bras de la plus grande. Un mouchoir savamment noué les empêchait de tomber. Une mère avait vu cette effroyable chaîne, et avait dit: Tiens! voilà un joujou pour mes enfants.

Les deux enfants, du reste gracieusement attifées, et avec quelque recherche, rayonnaient; on eût dit deux roses dans de la ferraille; leurs yeux étaient un triomphe; leurs fraîches joues riaient. L'une était châtain, l'autre était brune. Leurs naïfs visages étaient deux étonnements ravis; un buisson fleuri qui était près de là envoyait aux passants des parfums qui semblaient venir d'elles; celle de dix-huit mois montrait son gentil ventre nu avec cette chaste indécence de la petitesse.

Au-dessus et autour de ces deux têtes délicates, pétries dans le bonheur et trempées dans la lumière, le gigantesque avant-train, noir de rouille, presque terrible, tout enchevêtré de courbes et d'angles farouches, s'arrondissait comme un porche de caverne. À quelques pas, accroupie sur le seuil de l'auberge, la mère, femme d'un aspect peu avenant du reste, mais touchante en ce moment-là, balançait les deux enfants au moyen d'une longue ficelle, les couvant des yeux de peur d'accident avec cette expression animale et céleste propre à la maternité; à chaque va-et-vient, les hideux anneaux jetaient un bruit strident qui ressemblait à un cri de colère; les petites filles s'extasiaient, le soleil couchant se mêlait à cette joie, et rien n'était charmant comme ce caprice du hasard, qui avait fait d'une chaîne de titans une escarpolette de chérubins.

Tout en berçant ses deux petites, la mère chantonnait d'une voix fausse une romance alors célèbre:

Il le faut, disait un guerrier.

Sa chanson et la contemplation de ses filles l'empêchaient d'entendre et de voir ce qui se passait dans la rue.

Cependant quelqu'un s'était approché d'elle, comme elle commençait le premier couplet de la romance, et tout à coup elle entendit une voix qui disait très près de son oreille:

—Vous avez là deux jolis enfants, madame, répondit la mère, continuant sa romance:

À la belle et tendre Imogine.

rèpondit la mère, continuant sa romance, puis elle tourna la tête.

Une femme était devant elle, à quelques pas. Cette femme, elle aussi, avait un enfant qu'elle portait dans ses bras.

Elle portait en outre un assez gros sac de nuit qui semblait fort lourd.

L'enfant de cette femme était un des plus divins êtres qu'on pût voir. C'était une fille de deux à trois ans. Elle eût pu jouter avec les deux autres pour la coquetterie de l'ajustement; elle avait un bavolet de linge fin, des rubans à sa brassière et de la valenciennes à son bonnet. Le pli de sa jupe relevée laissait voir sa cuisse blanche, potelée et ferme. Elle était admirablement rose et bien portante. La belle petite donnait envie de mordre dans les pommes de ses joues. On ne pouvait rien dire de ses yeux, sinon qu'ils devaient être très grands et qu'ils avaient des cils magnifiques. Elle dormait.

Elle dormait de ce sommeil d'absolue confiance propre à son âge. Les bras des mères sont faits de tendresse; les enfants y dorment profondément.

Quant à la mère, l'aspect en était pauvre et triste. Elle avait la mise d'une ouvrière qui tend à redevenir paysanne. Elle était jeune. Était-elle belle? peut-être; mais avec cette mise il n'y paraissait pas. Ses cheveux, d'où s'échappait une mèche blonde, semblaient fort épais, mais disparaissaient sévèrement sous une coiffe de béguine, laide, serrée, étroite, et nouée au menton. Le rire montre les belles dents quand on en a; mais elle ne riait point. Ses yeux ne semblaient pas être secs depuis très longtemps. Elle était pâle; elle avait l'air très lasse et un peu malade; elle regardait sa fille endormie dans ses bras avec cet air particulier d'une mère qui a nourri son enfant. Un large mouchoir bleu, comme ceux où se mouchent les invalides, plié en fichu, masquait lourdement sa taille. Elle avait les mains hâlées et toutes piquées de taches de rousseur, l'index durci et déchiqueté par l'aiguille, une Mante brune de laine bourrue, une robe de toile et de gros souliers. C'était Fantine.

C'était Fantine. Difficile à reconnaître. Pourtant, à l'examiner attentivement, elle avait toujours sa beauté. Un pli triste, qui ressemblait à un commencement d'ironie, ridait sa joue droite. Quant à sa toilette, cette aérienne toilette de mousseline et de rubans qui semblait faite avec de la gaîté, de la folie et de la musique, pleine de grelots et parfumée de lilas, elle s'était évanouie comme ces beaux givres éclatants qu'on prend pour des diamants au soleil; ils fondent et laissent la branche toute noire.

Dix mois s'étaient écoulés depuis «la bonne farce».

Que s'était-il passé pendant ces dix mois? on le devine.

Après l'abandon, la gêne. Fantine avait tout de suite perdu de vue Favourite, Zéphine et Dahlia; le lien, brisé du côté des hommes, s'était défait du côté des femmes; on les eût bien étonnées, quinze jours après, si on leur eût dit qu'elles étaient amies; cela n'avait plus de raison d'être. Fantine était restée seule. Le père de son enfant parti,—hélas! ces ruptures-là sont irrévocables,—elle se trouva absolument isolée, avec l'habitude du travail de moins et le goût du plaisir de plus. Entraînée par sa liaison avec Tholomyès à dédaigner le petit métier qu'elle savait, elle avait négligé ses débouchés; ils s'étaient fermés. Nulle ressource. Fantine savait à peine lire et ne savait pas écrire; on lui avait seulement appris dans son enfance à signer son nom; elle avait fait écrire par un écrivain public une lettre à Tholomyès, puis une seconde, puis une troisième. Tholomyès n'avait répondu à aucune. Un jour, Fantine entendit des commères dire en regardant sa fille:

—Est-ce qu'on prend ces enfants-là au sérieux? on hausse les épaules de ces enfants-là!

Alors elle songea à Tholomyès qui haussait les épaules de son enfant et qui ne prenait pas cet être innocent au sérieux; et son cœur devint sombre à l'endroit de cet homme. Quel parti prendre pourtant? Elle ne savait plus à qui s'adresser. Elle avait commis une faute, mais le fond de sa nature, on s'en souvient, était pudeur et vertu. Elle sentit vaguement qu'elle était à la veille de tomber dans la détresse, et de glisser dans le pire. Il fallait du courage; elle en eut, et se roidit. L'idée lui vint de retourner dans sa ville natale, à Montreuil-sur-mer. Là quelqu'un peut-être la connaîtrait et lui donnerait du travail. Oui; mais il faudrait cacher sa faute. Et elle entrevoyait confusément la nécessité possible d'une séparation plus douloureuse encore que la première. Son cœur se serra, mais elle prit sa résolution. Fantine, on le verra, avait la farouche bravoure de la vie.

Elle avait déjà vaillamment renoncé à la parure, s'était vêtue de toile, et avait mis toute sa soie, tous ses chiffons, tous ses rubans et toutes ses dentelles sur sa fille, seule vanité qui lui restât, et sainte celle-là. Elle vendit tout ce qu'elle avait, ce qui lui produisit deux cents francs; ses petites dettes payées, elle n'eut plus que quatre-vingts francs environ. À vingt-deux ans, par une belle matinée de printemps, elle quittait Paris, emportant son enfant sur son dos. Quelqu'un qui les eût vues passer toutes les deux eût pitié. Cette femme n'avait au monde que cet enfant, et cet enfant n'avait au monde que cette femme. Fantine avait nourri sa fille; cela lui avait fatigué la poitrine, et elle toussait un peu.

Nous n'aurons plus occasion de parler de M. Félix Tholomyès. Bornons-nous à dire que, vingt ans plus tard, sous le roi Louis-Philippe, c'était un gros avoué de province, influent et riche, électeur sage et juré très sévère; toujours homme de plaisir.

Vers le milieu du jour, après avoir, pour se reposer, cheminé de temps en temps, moyennant trois ou quatre sous par lieue, dans ce qu'on appelait alors les Petites Voitures des Environs de Paris, Fantine se trouvait à Montfermeil, dans la ruelle du Boulanger.

Comme elle passait devant l'auberge Thénardier, les deux petites filles, enchantées sur leur escarpolette monstre, avaient été pour elle une sorte d'éblouissement, et elle s'était arrêtée devant cette vision de joie.

Il y a des charmes. Ces deux petites filles en furent un pour cette mère.

Elle les considérait, toute émue. La présence des anges est une annonce de paradis. Elle crut voir au dessus de cette auberge le mystérieux ICI de la providence. Ces deux petites étaient si évidemment heureuses! Elle les regardait, elle les admirait, tellement attendrie qu'au moment où la mère reprenait haleine entre deux vers de sa chanson, elle ne put s'empêcher de lui dire ce mot qu'on vient de lire:

—Vous avez là deux jolis enfants, madame.

Les créatures les plus féroces sont désarmées par la caresse à leurs petits. La mère leva la tête et remercia, et fit asseoir la passante sur le banc de la porte, elle-même étant sur le seuil. Les deux femmes causèrent.

—Je m'appelle madame Thénardier, dit la mère des deux petites. Nous tenons cette auberge.

Puis, toujours à sa romance, elle reprit entre ses dents:

Il le faut, je suis chevalier, Et je pars pour la Palestine.

Cette madame Thénardier était une femme rousse, charnue, anguleuse; le type femme-à-soldat dans toute sa disgrâce. Et, chose bizarre, avec un air penché qu'elle devait à des lectures romanesques. C'était une minaudière hommasse. De vieux romans qui se sont éraillés sur des imaginations de gargotières ont de ces effets-là. Elle était jeune encore; elle avait à peine trente ans. Si cette femme, qui était accroupie, se fût tenue droite, peut-être sa haute taille et sa carrure de colosse ambulant propre aux foires, eussent-elles dès l'abord effarouché la voyageuse, troublé sa confiance, et fait évanouir ce que nous avons à raconter. Une personne qui est assise au lieu d'être debout, les destinées tiennent à cela.

La voyageuse raconta son histoire, un peu modifiée:

Qu'elle était ouvrière; que son mari était mort; que le travail lui manquait à Paris, et qu'elle allait en chercher ailleurs; dans son pays; qu'elle avait quitté Paris, le matin même, à pied; que, comme elle portait son enfant, se sentant fatiguée, et ayant rencontré la voiture de Villemomble, elle y était montée; que de Villemomble elle était venue à Montfermeil à pied, que la petite avait un peu marché, mais pas beaucoup, c'est si jeune, et qu'il avait fallu la prendre, et que le bijou s'était endormi.

Et sur ce mot elle donna à sa fille un baiser passionné qui la réveilla. L'enfant ouvrit les yeux, de grands yeux bleus comme ceux de sa mère, et regarda, quoi? rien, tout, avec cet air sérieux et quelquefois sévère des petits enfants, qui est un mystère de leur lumineuse innocence devant nos crépuscules de vertus. On dirait qu'ils se sentent anges et qu'ils nous savent hommes. Puis l'enfant se mit à rire, et, quoique la mère la retint, glissa à terre avec l'indomptable énergie d'un petit être qui veut courir. Tout à coup elle aperçut les deux autres sur leur balançoire, s'arrêta court, et tira la langue, signe d'admiration.

La mère Thénardier détacha ses filles, les fit descendre de l'escarpolette, et dit:

—Amusez-vous toutes les trois.

Ces âges-là s'apprivoisent vite, et au bout d'une minute les petites Thénardier jouaient avec la nouvelle venue à faire des trous dans la terre, plaisir immense.

Cette nouvelle venue était très gaie; la bonté de la mère est écrite dans la gaîté du marmot; elle avait pris un brin de bois qui lui servait de pelle, et elle creusait énergiquement une fosse bonne pour une mouche. Ce que fait le fossoyeur devient riant, fait par l'enfant.

Les deux femmes continuaient de causer.

—Comment s'appelle votre mioche?

—Cosette.

Cosette, lisez Euphrasie. La petite se nommait Euphrasie. Mais d'Euphrasie la mère avait fait Cosette, par ce doux et gracieux instinct des mères et du peuple qui change Josefa en Pepita et Françoise en Sillette. C'est là un genre de dérivés qui dérange et déconcerte toute la science des étymologistes. Nous avons connu une grand'mère qui avait réussi à faire de Théodore, Gnon.

—Quel âge a-t-elle?

—Elle va sur trois ans.

—C'est comme mon aînée.

Cependant les trois petites filles étaient groupées dans une posture d'anxiété profonde et de béatitude; un événement avait lieu; un gros ver venait de sortir de terre; et elles avaient peur, et elles étaient en extase.

Leurs fronts radieux se touchaient; on eût dit trois têtes dans une auréole.

—Les enfants, s'écria la mère Thénardier, comme ça se connaît tout de suite! les voilà qu'on jurerait trois sœurs!

Ce mot fut l'étincelle qu'attendait probablement l'autre mère. Elle saisit la main de la Thénardier, la regarda fixement, et lui dit:

—Voulez-vous me garder mon enfant?

La Thénardier eut un de ces mouvements surpris qui ne sont ni le consentement ni le refus.

La mère de Cosette poursuivit:

—Voyez-vous, je ne peux pas emmener ma fille au pays. L'ouvrage ne le permet pas. Avec un enfant, on ne trouve pas à se placer. Ils sont si ridicules dans ce pays-là. C'est le bon Dieu qui m'a fait passer devant votre auberge. Quand j'ai vu vos petites si jolies et si propres et si contentes, cela m'a bouleversée. J'ai dit: voilà une bonne mère. C'est ça; ça fera trois sœurs. Et puis, je ne serai pas longtemps à revenir. Voulez-vous me garder mon enfant?

—Il faudrait voir, dit la Thénardier.

—Je donnerais six francs par mois.

Ici une voix d'homme cria du fond de la gargote:

—Pas à moins de sept francs. Et six mois payés d'avance.

—Six fois sept quarante-deux, dit la Thénardier.

—Je les donnerai, dit la mère.

—Et quinze francs en dehors pour les premiers frais, ajouta la voix d'homme.

—Total cinquante-sept francs, dit la madame Thénardier. Et à travers ces chiffres, elle chantonnait vaguement:

Il le faut, disait un guerrier.

—Je les donnerai, dit la mère, j'ai quatre-vingts francs. Il me restera de quoi aller au pays. En allant à pied. Je gagnerai de l'argent là-bas, et dès que j'en aurai un peu, je reviendrai chercher l'amour.

La voix d'homme reprit:

—La petite a un trousseau?

—C'est mon mari, dit la Thénardier.

—Sans doute elle a un trousseau, le pauvre trésor. J'ai bien vu que c'était votre mari. Et un beau trousseau encore! un trousseau insensé. Tout par douzaines; et des robes de soie comme une dame. Il est là dans mon sac de nuit.

—Il faudra le donner, repartit la voix d'homme.

—Je crois bien que je le donnerai! dit la mère. Ce serait cela qui serait drôle si je laissais ma fille toute nue!

La face du maître apparut.

—C'est bon, dit-il.

Le marché fut conclu. La mère passa la nuit à l'auberge, donna son argent et laissa son enfant, renoua son sac de nuit dégonflé du trousseau et léger désormais, et partit le lendemain matin, comptant revenir bientôt. On arrange tranquillement ces départs-là, mais ce sont des désespoirs.

Une voisine des Thénardier rencontra cette mère comme elle s'en allait, et s'en revint en disant:

—Je viens de voir une femme qui pleure dans la rue, que c'est un déchirement.

Quand la mère de Cosette fut partie, l'homme dit à la femme:

—Cela va me payer mon effet de cent dix francs qui échoit demain. Il me manquait cinquante francs. Sais-tu que j'aurais eu l'huissier et un protêt? Tu as fait là une bonne souricière avec tes petites.

—Sans m'en douter, dit la femme.

English text[edit]

There was, at Montfermeil, near Paris, during the first quarter of this century, a sort of cook-shop which no longer exists. This cook-shop was kept by some people named Thenardier, husband and wife. It was situated in Boulanger Lane. Over the door there was a board nailed flat against the wall. Upon this board was painted something which resembled a man carrying another man on his back, the latter wearing the big gilt epaulettes of a general, with large silver stars; red spots represented blood; the rest of the picture consisted of smoke, and probably represented a battle. Below ran this inscription: AT THE SIGN OF SERGEANT OF WATERLOO (Au Sargent de Waterloo).

Nothing is more common than a cart or a truck at the door of a hostelry. Nevertheless, the vehicle, or, to speak more accurately, the fragment of a vehicle, which encumbered the street in front of the cook-shop of the Sergeant of Waterloo, one evening in the spring of 1818, would certainly have attracted, by its mass, the attention of any painter who had passed that way.

It was the fore-carriage of one of those trucks which are used in wooded tracts of country, and which serve to transport thick planks and the trunks of trees. This fore-carriage was composed of a massive iron axle-tree with a pivot, into which was fitted a heavy shaft, and which was supported by two huge wheels. The whole thing was compact, overwhelming, and misshapen. It seemed like the gun-carriage of an enormous cannon. The ruts of the road had bestowed on the wheels, the fellies, the hub, the axle, and the shaft, a layer of mud, a hideous yellowish daubing hue, tolerably like that with which people are fond of ornamenting cathedrals. The wood was disappearing under mud, and the iron beneath rust. Under the axle-tree hung, like drapery, a huge chain, worthy of some Goliath of a convict. This chain suggested, not the beams, which it was its office to transport, but the mastodons and mammoths which it might have served to harness; it had the air of the galleys, but of cyclopean and superhuman galleys, and it seemed to have been detached from some monster. Homer would have bound Polyphemus with it, and Shakespeare, Caliban.

Why was that fore-carriage of a truck in that place in the street? In the first place, to encumber the street; next, in order that it might finish the process of rusting. There is a throng of institutions in the old social order, which one comes across in this fashion as one walks about outdoors, and which have no other reasons for existence than the above.

The centre of the chain swung very near the ground in the middle, and in the loop, as in the rope of a swing, there were seated and grouped, on that particular evening, in exquisite interlacement, two little girls; one about two years and a half old, the other, eighteen months; the younger in the arms of the other. A handkerchief, cleverly knotted about them, prevented their falling out. A mother had caught sight of that frightful chain, and had said, "Come! there's a plaything for my children."

The two children, who were dressed prettily and with some elegance, were radiant with pleasure; one would have said that they were two roses amid old iron; their eyes were a triumph; their fresh cheeks were full of laughter. One had chestnut hair; the other, brown. Their innocent faces were two delighted surprises; a blossoming shrub which grew near wafted to the passers-by perfumes which seemed to emanate from them; the child of eighteen months displayed her pretty little bare stomach with the chaste indecency of childhood. Above and around these two delicate heads, all made of happiness and steeped in light, the gigantic fore-carriage, black with rust, almost terrible, all entangled in curves and wild angles, rose in a vault, like the entrance of a cavern. A few paces apart, crouching down upon the threshold of the hostelry, the mother, not a very prepossessing woman, by the way, though touching at that moment, was swinging the two children by means of a long cord, watching them carefully, for fear of accidents, with that animal and celestial expression which is peculiar to maternity. At every backward and forward swing the hideous links emitted a strident sound, which resembled a cry of rage; the little girls were in ecstasies; the setting sun mingled in this joy, and nothing could be more charming than this caprice of chance which had made of a chain of Titans the swing of cherubim.

As she rocked her little ones, the mother hummed in a discordant voice a romance then celebrated:—

"It must be, said a warrior."

Her song, and the contemplation of her daughters, prevented her hearing and seeing what was going on in the street.

In the meantime, some one had approached her, as she was beginning the first couplet of the romance, and suddenly she heard a voice saying very near her ear:—

"You have two beautiful children there, Madame."

"To the fair and tender Imogene—"

replied the mother, continuing her romance; then she turned her head.

A woman stood before her, a few paces distant. This woman also had a child, which she carried in her arms.

She was carrying, in addition, a large carpet-bag, which seemed very heavy.

This woman's child was one of the most divine creatures that it is possible to behold. It was a girl, two or three years of age. She could have entered into competition with the two other little ones, so far as the coquetry of her dress was concerned; she wore a cap of fine linen, ribbons on her bodice, and Valenciennes lace on her cap. The folds of her skirt were raised so as to permit a view of her white, firm, and dimpled leg. She was admirably rosy and healthy. The little beauty inspired a desire to take a bite from the apples of her cheeks. Of her eyes nothing could be known, except that they must be very large, and that they had magnificent lashes. She was asleep.

She slept with that slumber of absolute confidence peculiar to her age. The arms of mothers are made of tenderness; in them children sleep profoundly.

As for the mother, her appearance was sad and poverty-stricken. She was dressed like a working-woman who is inclined to turn into a peasant again. She was young. Was she handsome? Perhaps; but in that attire it was not apparent. Her hair, a golden lock of which had escaped, seemed very thick, but was severely concealed beneath an ugly, tight, close, nun-like cap, tied under the chin. A smile displays beautiful teeth when one has them; but she did not smile. Her eyes did not seem to have been dry for a very long time. She was pale; she had a very weary and rather sickly appearance. She gazed upon her daughter asleep in her arms with the air peculiar to a mother who has nursed her own child. A large blue handkerchief, such as the Invalides use, was folded into a fichu, and concealed her figure clumsily. Her hands were sunburnt and all dotted with freckles, her forefinger was hardened and lacerated with the needle; she wore a cloak of coarse brown woollen stuff, a linen gown, and coarse shoes. It was Fantine.

It was Fantine, but difficult to recognize. Nevertheless, on scrutinizing her attentively, it was evident that she still retained her beauty. A melancholy fold, which resembled the beginning of irony, wrinkled her right cheek. As for her toilette, that aerial toilette of muslin and ribbons, which seemed made of mirth, of folly, and of music, full of bells, and perfumed with lilacs had vanished like that beautiful and dazzling hoar-frost which is mistaken for diamonds in the sunlight; it melts and leaves the branch quite black.

Ten months had elapsed since the "pretty farce."

What had taken place during those ten months? It can be divined.

After abandonment, straightened circumstances. Fantine had immediately lost sight of Favourite, Zephine and Dahlia; the bond once broken on the side of the men, it was loosed between the women; they would have been greatly astonished had any one told them a fortnight later, that they had been friends; there no longer existed any reason for such a thing. Fantine had remained alone. The father of her child gone,—alas! such ruptures are irrevocable,—she found herself absolutely isolated, minus the habit of work and plus the taste for pleasure. Drawn away by her liaison with Tholomyes to disdain the pretty trade which she knew, she had neglected to keep her market open; it was now closed to her. She had no resource. Fantine barely knew how to read, and did not know how to write; in her childhood she had only been taught to sign her name; she had a public letter-writer indite an epistle to Tholomyes, then a second, then a third. Tholomyes replied to none of them. Fantine heard the gossips say, as they looked at her child: "Who takes those children seriously! One only shrugs one's shoulders over such children!" Then she thought of Tholomyes, who had shrugged his shoulders over his child, and who did not take that innocent being seriously; and her heart grew gloomy toward that man. But what was she to do? She no longer knew to whom to apply. She had committed a fault, but the foundation of her nature, as will be remembered, was modesty and virtue. She was vaguely conscious that she was on the verge of falling into distress, and of gliding into a worse state. Courage was necessary; she possessed it, and held herself firm. The idea of returning to her native town of M. sur M. occurred to her. There, some one might possibly know her and give her work; yes, but it would be necessary to conceal her fault. In a confused way she perceived the necessity of a separation which would be more painful than the first one. Her heart contracted, but she took her resolution. Fantine, as we shall see, had the fierce bravery of life. She had already valiantly renounced finery, had dressed herself in linen, and had put all her silks, all her ornaments, all her ribbons, and all her laces on her daughter, the only vanity which was left to her, and a holy one it was. She sold all that she had, which produced for her two hundred francs; her little debts paid, she had only about eighty francs left. At the age of twenty-two, on a beautiful spring morning, she quitted Paris, bearing her child on her back. Any one who had seen these two pass would have had pity on them. This woman had, in all the world, nothing but her child, and the child had, in all the world, no one but this woman. Fantine had nursed her child, and this had tired her chest, and she coughed a little.

We shall have no further occasion to speak of M. Felix Tholomyes. Let us confine ourselves to saying, that, twenty years later, under King Louis Philippe, he was a great provincial lawyer, wealthy and influential, a wise elector, and a very severe juryman; he was still a man of pleasure.

Towards the middle of the day, after having, from time to time, for the sake of resting herself, travelled, for three or four sous a league, in what was then known as the Petites Voitures des Environs de Paris, the "little suburban coach service," Fantine found herself at Montfermeil, in the alley Boulanger.

As she passed the Thenardier hostelry, the two little girls, blissful in the monster swing, had dazzled her in a manner, and she had halted in front of that vision of joy.

Charms exist. These two little girls were a charm to this mother.

She gazed at them in much emotion. The presence of angels is an announcement of Paradise. She thought that, above this inn, she beheld the mysterious HERE of Providence. These two little creatures were evidently happy. She gazed at them, she admired them, in such emotion that at the moment when their mother was recovering her breath between two couplets of her song, she could not refrain from addressing to her the remark which we have just read:—

"You have two pretty children, Madame."

The most ferocious creatures are disarmed by caresses bestowed on their young.

The mother raised her head and thanked her, and bade the wayfarer sit down on the bench at the door, she herself being seated on the threshold. The two women began to chat.

"My name is Madame Thenardier," said the mother of the two little girls. "We keep this inn."

Then, her mind still running on her romance, she resumed humming between her teeth:—

"It must be so; I am a knight, And I am off to Palestine."

This Madame Thenardier was a sandy-complexioned woman, thin and angular—the type of the soldier's wife in all its unpleasantness; and what was odd, with a languishing air, which she owed to her perusal of romances. She was a simpering, but masculine creature. Old romances produce that effect when rubbed against the imagination of cook-shop woman. She was still young; she was barely thirty. If this crouching woman had stood upright, her lofty stature and her frame of a perambulating colossus suitable for fairs, might have frightened the traveller at the outset, troubled her confidence, and disturbed what caused what we have to relate to vanish. A person who is seated instead of standing erect—destinies hang upon such a thing as that.

The traveller told her story, with slight modifications.

That she was a working-woman; that her husband was dead; that her work in Paris had failed her, and that she was on her way to seek it elsewhere, in her own native parts; that she had left Paris that morning on foot; that, as she was carrying her child, and felt fatigued, she had got into the Villemomble coach when she met it; that from Villemomble she had come to Montfermeil on foot; that the little one had walked a little, but not much, because she was so young, and that she had been obliged to take her up, and the jewel had fallen asleep.

At this word she bestowed on her daughter a passionate kiss, which woke her. The child opened her eyes, great blue eyes like her mother's, and looked at—what? Nothing; with that serious and sometimes severe air of little children, which is a mystery of their luminous innocence in the presence of our twilight of virtue. One would say that they feel themselves to be angels, and that they know us to be men. Then the child began to laugh; and although the mother held fast to her, she slipped to the ground with the unconquerable energy of a little being which wished to run. All at once she caught sight of the two others in the swing, stopped short, and put out her tongue, in sign of admiration.

Mother Thenardier released her daughters, made them descend from the swing, and said:—

"Now amuse yourselves, all three of you."

Children become acquainted quickly at that age, and at the expiration of a minute the little Thenardiers were playing with the new-comer at making holes in the ground, which was an immense pleasure.

The new-comer was very gay; the goodness of the mother is written in the gayety of the child; she had seized a scrap of wood which served her for a shovel, and energetically dug a cavity big enough for a fly. The grave-digger's business becomes a subject for laughter when performed by a child.

The two women pursued their chat.

"What is your little one's name?"

"Cosette."

For Cosette, read Euphrasie. The child's name was Euphrasie. But out of Euphrasie the mother had made Cosette by that sweet and graceful instinct of mothers and of the populace which changes Josepha into Pepita, and Francoise into Sillette. It is a sort of derivative which disarranges and disconcerts the whole science of etymologists. We have known a grandmother who succeeded in turning Theodore into Gnon.

"How old is she?"

"She is going on three."

"That is the age of my eldest."

In the meantime, the three little girls were grouped in an attitude of profound anxiety and blissfulness; an event had happened; a big worm had emerged from the ground, and they were afraid; and they were in ecstasies over it.

Their radiant brows touched each other; one would have said that there were three heads in one aureole.

"How easily children get acquainted at once!" exclaimed Mother Thenardier; "one would swear that they were three sisters!"

This remark was probably the spark which the other mother had been waiting for. She seized the Thenardier's hand, looked at her fixedly, and said:—

"Will you keep my child for me?"

The Thenardier made one of those movements of surprise which signify neither assent nor refusal.

Cosette's mother continued:—

"You see, I cannot take my daughter to the country. My work will not permit it. With a child one can find no situation. People are ridiculous in the country. It was the good God who caused me to pass your inn. When I caught sight of your little ones, so pretty, so clean, and so happy, it overwhelmed me. I said: 'Here is a good mother. That is just the thing; that will make three sisters.' And then, it will not be long before I return. Will you keep my child for me?"

"I must see about it," replied the Thenardier.

"I will give you six francs a month."

Here a man's voice called from the depths of the cook-shop:—

"Not for less than seven francs. And six months paid in advance."

"Six times seven makes forty-two," said the Thenardier.

"I will give it," said the mother.

"And fifteen francs in addition for preliminary expenses," added the man's voice.

"Total, fifty-seven francs," said Madame Thenardier. And she hummed vaguely, with these figures:—

"It must be, said a warrior."

"I will pay it," said the mother. "I have eighty francs. I shall have enough left to reach the country, by travelling on foot. I shall earn money there, and as soon as I have a little I will return for my darling."

The man's voice resumed:—

"The little one has an outfit?"

"That is my husband," said the Thenardier.

"Of course she has an outfit, the poor treasure.—I understood perfectly that it was your husband.—And a beautiful outfit, too! a senseless outfit, everything by the dozen, and silk gowns like a lady. It is here, in my carpet-bag."

"You must hand it over," struck in the man's voice again.

"Of course I shall give it to you," said the mother. "It would be very queer if I were to leave my daughter quite naked!"

The master's face appeared.

"That's good," said he.

The bargain was concluded. The mother passed the night at the inn, gave up her money and left her child, fastened her carpet-bag once more, now reduced in volume by the removal of the outfit, and light henceforth and set out on the following morning, intending to return soon. People arrange such departures tranquilly; but they are despairs!

A neighbor of the Thenardiers met this mother as she was setting out, and came back with the remark:—

"I have just seen a woman crying in the street so that it was enough to rend your heart."

When Cosette's mother had taken her departure, the man said to the woman:—

"That will serve to pay my note for one hundred and ten francs which falls due to-morrow; I lacked fifty francs. Do you know that I should have had a bailiff and a protest after me? You played the mouse-trap nicely with your young ones."

"Without suspecting it," said the woman.

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